Figure 1.

Overview of the emerging mycobacterial targets and host-directed therapies addressed. At the level of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lethal and non-lethal targets can be found in several interesting pathways including, but not limited to, cell wall biosynthesis, redox homeostasis, DNA replication and protein synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, toxin–antitoxin system and proteins important for phagosome–lysosome fusion. At the level of the host, targeting important processes such as autophagy, granuloma formation, and pro- and anti-inflammatory responses are invigorated to address and overcome drug resistance.