Table 2.
Chitin and chitosans applications.
| Field | Examples | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial Applications | Cosmetics | Biodegradable, biocompatible and nontoxic chitosan microparticles encapsulating jabuticaba peel extract | [64] |
| Modified chitosan microparticles containing rosmarinic acid for skin delivery formulations | [65] | ||
| Nanoparticles of quaternized cyclodextrin-grafted chitosan associated with hyaluronic acid as promising skin penetration vehicles | [66] | ||
| Preventive effect of chitosan oligosaccharide against UV-caused damage in hairless mouse dorsal skin | [67] | ||
| Periodontal chitosan gels containing moxifloxacin hydrochloride | [68] | ||
| Fluoride loaded chitosan nanoparticles in the prevention of dental caries | [69] | ||
| Hydroxyapatite-chitosan sunscreen antibacterial gel for skin health care | [70] | ||
| Chitosan and surface-deacetylated chitin nanofibrils induced hair growth | [71] | ||
| Agriculture | Gum arabic/chitosan nanoparticles containing geraniol for pest management | [72] | |
| Chitosan natural biopolymer as a growth stimulator of rice yield | [73] | ||
| Chitosan modified Pt/SiO2 as catalyst for an agricultural synergistic agent | [74] | ||
| Antifungal chitosan agent used to control Ceratocystis fimbriata plant pathogenic fungus that attacks sweet potato | [75] | ||
| Eco-friendly chitosan/basalt hydrogel as soil conditioner and booster of plants growth | [76] | ||
| Food and Nutrition | Food packaging made by chitosan-based films with microparticles of olive pomace | [77] | |
| Nisin-loaded chitosan-monomethyl fumaric acid nanoparticles as a direct food additive | [78] | ||
| Chitosan-TiO2 nanocomposite film as antimicrobial active food packaging | [79] | ||
| Chitosan as an alternative food preservative to formalin | [80] | ||
| Fish-purified antioxidant peptide-loaded electrospun chitosan/PVA nanofibrous mat for food biopackaging applications | [81] | ||
| Tripolyphosphate and chitosan nanoparticles for encapsulation of C, B9, and B12 vitamins | [82] | ||
| Starch or chitosan-based matrices carrying thyme extract polyphenols as antioxidant films for food preservation | [83] | ||
| Water Engineering – Waste Treatment | Graphene oxide-ionic liquid and magnetic chitosan in heavy metal ion pollution clean-up | [84] | |
| Multifunctional nanocomposites of chitosan as contaminant water treatment material | [85] | ||
| Antibacterial chitosan chloride-graphene oxide material and/with quartz sand filter media | [86] | ||
| Chromatography | N-methoxycarbonyl chitosan for high-performance chiral separation materials | [87] | |
| N-cyclohexylcarbonyl and N-hexanoyl chitosans as chiral selectors for enantiomeric separation | [88] | ||
| Chitosan bis(methylphenylcarbamate)-(isobutyrylamide) derivatives as chiral stationary phases for HPLC | [89] | ||
| O-carboxymethyl chitosan for convenient use in the purification of lysozyme | [90] | ||
| Paper Industry | Bentonite microparticles/chitosan system for improving the acidic papermaking dry strengths | [91] | |
| Chitosan/titanium dioxide nanocomposite as antibacterial protective coating for paper packaging | [92] | ||
| Paper wet strength improved with chitosan-based additive using a dipping process | [93] | ||
| Chitosan as antitermite in paper making | [94] | ||
| Caseinate/chitosan films favor reduction in paper water vapor permeability | [95] | ||
| Textile Industry | Series of chitosan-based waterborne polyurethane improve tear strength and antimicrobial activity of polyester cotton dyed and printed fabrics | [96] | |
| Chitosan and herbal extract of Aristolochia bracteolate as medical textile product (band aid) | [97] | ||
| Eco-friendly antimicrobial chitosan-based water dispersible polyurethanes finishes | [98] | ||
| Chitin nanofibers for antibacterial finishing application | [99] | ||
| Batteries | Chitosan networks crosslinked with citric acid or polymeric carboxylic acids as binders for silicon/graphite composite electrodes in lithium ion batteries | [100] | |
| Molybdenum disulfide-coated nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon sphere/sulfur composite cathode and carbon nanotube/chitosan modified separator promoting lithium sulfur batteries | [101] | ||
| Chitosan/epoxidized natural rubber networks by crosslinking as a binder material | [102] | ||
| Highly crystalline lithium titanate nanoparticles with N-doped carbon-coating and chitosan (as carbon and nitrogen source) | [103] | ||
| Chitosan composite carbon material with high specific electrochemical performance of lead-carbon battery | [104] | ||
| Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications | Tissue Engineering | Injectable carboxymethyl chitosan conjugated with α-cyclodextrin hydrogel complexed with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG1000) | [105] |
| Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds containing poly(ε-caprolactone), chitosan, and polypyrrole for neural tissue engineering | [106] | ||
| Alginate/chitosan hydrogel for transplantation of olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells for sciatic nerve tissue engineering (rat model) | [107] | ||
| Chitosan–vitamin C–lactic acid composite membrane decorated with glycerol and PEG | [108] | ||
| Graphene oxide and amine-modified graphene oxide incorporated into chitosan-gelatin scaffold by covalent linking | [109] | ||
| Magnesium oxide-poly(ε-caprolactone)-chitosan-based composite nanofiber by the electrospinning technique | [110] | ||
| Scaffolds made with modified hydroxyapatite blended into chitosan-grafted-poly (methyl methacrylate) matrix | [111] | ||
| Wound Healing | Collagen/chitosan gel composite supplemented with a cell-penetrating peptide (oligo-arginine R8) with an antibacterial activity | [112] | |
| Silver nanoparticles encapsulation into chitosan-based membranes without altering the wound-healing ability | [113] | ||
| Rosuvastatin calcium loaded into chitosan hydrochloride scaffolds based with/without mesenchymal stem cells | [114] | ||
| Phenytoin nanocapsules and nanoemulsions formulated as chitosan hydrogels for cutaneous use in rats | [115] | ||
| Electrospun antibacterial PVA/Chitosan/Starch nanofibrous mats | [116] | ||
| Biocompatible and nontoxic PVA/chitosan/nano zinc oxide hydrogels | [117] | ||
| Ophthalmology | Chitosan-covered calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded with timolol and lisinopril | [118] | |
| Topical chitosan-N-acetylcysteine for corneal damage in a rabbit model | [119] | ||
| Chitosan-N-acetylcysteine (Lacrimera®) in in patients with moderate to severe dry eye disease | [120] | ||
| Contact lenses made of poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) containing chitosan nanoparticles as dexamethasone sodium phosphate delivery system | [121] | ||
| Timolol maleate imprinted copolymer of carboxymethyl chitosan-g-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate-g-polyacrylamide incorporated on a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) p(HEMA) matrix for glaucoma | [122] | ||
| N-Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles loaded with flurbiprofen-hydroxyl propyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex | [123] | ||
| Layer-by-layer deposition of chitosan and alginate was used to control drug release from ophthalmic lens materials | [124] | ||
| Vaccine | Inactivated avian influenza H5N1 virus vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles in broiler chickens | [125] | |
| Chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles for intranasal vaccine delivery of hepatitis B surface Antigen | [126] | ||
| pH-sensitive microneedle chemically coated with inactivated polio vaccine and N-trimethyl chitosan chloride via electrostatic interactions for dermal vaccination in rats | [127] | ||
| Glycol chitosan nanoparticles for mucosal intranasal administration of hepatitis B vaccine | [128] | ||
| Folate-chitosan/ interferon-induced protein-10 gene nanoparticles and DC/tumor fusion vaccine enhanced anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects in mice | [129] | ||
| Drug Delivery | Chitosan-grafted-dihydrocaffeic acid and oxidized pullulan hydrogels via a Schiff base reaction for local doxorubicin delivery | [130] | |
| 2-chloro-N,N-diethylethylamine hydrochloride/chitosan pH-responsive nanoparticles as quercetin delivery system for breast cancer treatment | [131] | ||
| pH-responsive Carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for doxorubicin hydrochloride-controlled release at pH 4.5 | [132] | ||
| Injectable visible light-cured glycol chitosan hydrogel incorporating paclitaxel-/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex for ovarian cancer therapy | [133] | ||
| Methyl methacrylate modified chitosan conjugate by a green method via Michael addition in curcumin delivery | [134] | ||
| Gene Delivery | Quaternized chitins vector synthesized via eco-friendly process | [135] | |
| Organosilane-functionalized chitosan nanoparticles as plox plasmid delivery system | [136] | ||
| Chitosan-graft-polyethylenimine (PEI)-PEG gene carrier decorated with arginine-glycine-aspartate/twin-arginine translocation for sustained delivery of NT-3 protein growth factor for neural regeneration | [137] | ||
| Targeting ligand conjugated chitosan–PEI copolymer/siRNA polyplexes for cancer therapy | [138] | ||
| Liposome encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced plasmid DNA delivery | [139] |