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. 2019 Jun 12;20(12):2861. doi: 10.3390/ijms20122861

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) overexpression activates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Either a SMS2 overexpressed plasmid was used to transfect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or the cells were treated with tunicamycin (10 µg/mL). (A) The protein levels of SMS2 and GRP78 were measured by a western blot analysis. (B) The protein levels of SMS2 and GRP78 were measured by a western blot analysis. (C) SMS activity was measured by thin-layer chromatography. (D) The expression of GRP78 was measured by a western blot analysis. n = 3, * p < 0.05, and ** p < 0.001 vs. the C group. (A) C, transfected with empty plasmids; S, cells overexpressing SMS2. (C,D) C, control group; Dy105, cells treated with Dy105. (C) NBD-CER, Norbornadiene -ceramide, NBD-SM, Norbornadiene-sphingomyelin.