Table 2.
Ranking ability (by quartiles) of the FFQ for daily energy intake from processed food categories (n = 100).
| Quartiles of Daily Energy Intake from Processed Food Categories Using Food Frequency Questionnaire | p-Value For Trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) daily EI from NOVA categories using WDR | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |
| MPF | |||||
| EI (kJ) | 1882 (427) | 2149 (535) | 2155 (732) | 2166 (992) | 0.175 |
| EI (%) | 33.3 (7.3) | 33.9 (9.3) | 33.1 (12.7) | 42.1 (9.1) | 0.006 |
| PCI | |||||
| EI (kJ) | 207 (97) | 228 (123) | 263 (114) | 217 (129) | 0.548 |
| EI (%) | 3.1 (1.4) | 4.5 (2.0) | 4.5 (2.1) | 3.7 (2.3) | 0.308 |
| PF | |||||
| EI (kJ) | 496 (285) | 423 (196) | 599 (277) | 480 (274) | 0.593 |
| EI (%) | 8.1 (3.4) | 7.0 (3.7) | 9.9 (4.3) | 8.9 (4.1) | 0.145 |
| UPF | |||||
| EI (kJ) | 2607 (682) | 2956 (760) | 3243 (822) | 3230 (883) | 0.003 |
| EI (%) | 44.9 (8.7) | 55.3 (15.9) | 52.8 (9.5) | 54.9 (9.6) | 0.009 |
Abbreviations: EI, energy intake; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; kJ, kilojoules; MPF, minimally processed food; PCI, processed culinary ingredient; PF, processed food; SD, standard deviation; UPF, ultra-processed food; WDR, weighed diet record.