Figure 4.

Re-thinking the role of area 25 in threat extinction in humans, marmosets and rats. (A) Human neuroimaging of extinction recall has identified regions of the subcallosal zone (scACC) in which the deactivation induced by the conditioned stimulus, CS+ is blocked following successful extinction recall [160,161,162]. However, these regions of activity are generally more rostral than area 25. (B) In marmosets, inactivation of area 25 with GABA A and B agonists (muscimol and baclofen; closed circles) hastened the behavioral extinction of an aversive (rubber snake) Pavlovian conditioned association [38]. In contrast (C) IL inactivation in rats (muscimol; closed circles) impeded the behavioral extinction and extinction recall of conditioned footshock. Redrawn from Sierra-Mercado et al., [157]. *, p < 0.05; #, p < 0.05, manipulation × CS interaction; error bars indicate SEM. Arrow indicates point of inactivation.