| BMI | body mass index |
| CI | confidence interval |
| HPFS | Health Professionals Follow-up Study |
| MD | mean difference |
| NHS | Nurses’ Health Study |
| NSHD | Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study |
| PHS | Physicians’ Health Study |
| RCT | randomized controlled trial |
| RG | refined grain |
| SD | standard deviation |
| SE | standard error |
| SEM | standard error of the mean |
| SMD | standardized mean difference |
| SUN | Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra |
| WG | whole grain |