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. 2019 Jun 14;11(6):1341. doi: 10.3390/nu11061341

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Comparison of anti-aging potential by SS. (A) Inhibitory effects of SS stem extracts on elastase activity. The results are denoted as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) from triplicate experiments (** p ≤ 0.01, * p ≤ 0.05 compared with the control group). (B) Cytotoxicity of SS stem extracts in HaCaT cells. Cells (1 × 105 cells/mL) were seeded in a 96-well plate and treated with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of SS stem (SSW and SSE) at 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, and 300 µg/mL. The cell viability was determined using 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. (C) Phototoxicity of SS stem extracts in HaCaT cells. Cells (1 × 105 cells/mL) were treated with SSW and SSE at 3, 10, or 30 µg/mL. After 24 h, UVB (40 mJ/cm2) was irradiated and the cells were cultured in serum-free medium for 24 h. The cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. The data are denoted as the mean ± SD from triplicate results. (# p ≤ 0.01, compared with the non treated control (NT); ** p ≤ 0.01, * p ≤ 0.05 compared with the UV control group). (D) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation activity was measured using HaCaT cells according to the method described in materials and methods. EGCG: (−)-epigallocatechin gallate; GA: gallic acid.