Figure 3.

Effects of aging-related biomarkers by SSE. The effects of SSE on the regulation of (A) the mRNA expression and (B) the protein level of MMPs; (C) the mRNA expression and (D) the protein level of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs); (E) the mRNA expression and (F) the protein level of elastin (ELN), type I collagen (COL1A1) and hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) induced by UVB (40 mJ/cm²) in HaCaT cells. Cells were cultured for 24 h, and then with the indicated concentration of SSW and SSE for further 12 h. Then the cells were irradiated with 40 mJ/cm² UVB and cultured for additional 12 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot was carried out according to the methods described in materials and methods. The data are denoted as the mean ± SD from triplicate results. (# p ≤ 0.01, compared with the NT; ** p ≤ 0.05, compared with the ultraviolet (UV) control group). EGCG: (−)-epigallocatechin gallate used as a positive control.