Table 2.
Amyloid PET findings correlated with other biomarkers of AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
| Author (Year) | Amyloid Tracer | Other Biomarkers | Subjects | Age (Years) | Dose of Tracer (MBq) | Uptake Time (min) | Clinical Reference | Reference Standard | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alongi (2019) [46] | [18F]FBB | CSF amyloid levels | 44 (neuro-cognitive deficit) | AD: 72.3, Controls: 68 | 269 ± 10% | 90 | ENS-EFNS criteria, MMSE | cerebellar WM | SUVr highest at precuneus, Amyloid PET: sens: 90.9% spec: 78.9%, CSF amyloid < 750 pg/mL: sens: 81.5% spec: 75.9% |
| Bouter (2019) [47] | [18F]FBB | CSF amyloid levels | 33 (neuro-cognitive deficit) | 68.4 ± 10.3 | 300 | 90 | MMSE 25.2 ± 3.0 | global cortex | ↓Aβ42/40 & SUVr correlated with MMSE, mean SUVr: APOE ε4 carrier: 1.489, non-carriers: 1.313 |
| Frings (2018) [48] | [11C]PiB | [18F]FDG | 39 (MCI) | Converter: 69.8 ± 7.1 Non converter: 70.0 ± 6.4 | [11C]PiB: 393 ± 56 [18F] FDG: 224 ± 36 |
[18F]FDG: 50–70 | NINCDS-ADRDA | cerebellar GM | [11C]PiB PET predicted conversion from MCI to AD, HR for positive [11C]PiB scan: 10.2 (95% CI 1.3–78.1) |
| Higashi (2018) [24] | [18F]FPYBF-2 | [11C]PiB | Controls: 61, Cases with suspected AD: 55 (AD: 27, MCI: 16, CN: 3, other NCDs: 9) | Controls: 53.7 ± 13.1, Cases: 74.4 ± 9.4 | 200 ± 22 | 50–70 | DSM-IV and DSM-5 NINCDS-ADRDA | cerebellar GM | good correlation of PiB with 18F-FPYBF-2, Mean Cortical Index: early AD: 1.288 ± 0.134 moderate AD: 1.342 ± 0.191, PiB SUVr: 1.435 ± 0.474 |
| Kim (2018) [49] | [18F]FBB, [18F]FMT | APOE | 523 (MCI) Aβ+: 238 Aβ−: 285 | Validation Set Aβ+: 71.4 ± 7.2 Aβ-: 69.7 ± 8.2 |
[18F]FBB: 311.5 [18F]FMT: 197.7 |
90 | DSM-IV and DSM-5, Seoul Neuro-psycho-logical Screening Battery | Visuals reads based on uptake at selected ROI | Positivity for APOE ε4 (OR 4.14) among MCI is associated with PET Aβ+. |
[18F]FBB: Florbetaben, [18F]FMT: [18F]-Flutemetamol, APOE: apolipoprotein genotype, AD: Alzheimer’s disease, MCI: mild cognitive impairment (particularly amnestic type), CN: cognitively normal by neurophychiatric tests, Aβ+: amyloid beta positive PET scans, Aβ−: amyloid beta negative PET scans, ENS-EFNS: European Federation of the Neurological Societies dementia Guidelines, NINCDS-ADRDA: National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer ’s disease and Related Disorders Association, WM: white matter, GM: grey matter, Aβ42/40: CSF amyloid beta 42/40 ratio, ROI: region of interest, SUVr: standardized uptake value ratio, HR: hazard ratio, [18F]FDG: 18F Fluorodeoxyglucose, DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, [18F]FPYBF-2: 5-(5-(2-(2-(2-18F-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)benzofuran-2-yl)-N-methylpyridin-2-amine.