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(a) Indirect protocol. A SERS tag is functionalized with antibodies and selectively binds to the analyte; its detection is carried out through the spectrum of the Raman reporter contained in the SERS tag. (b) Direct protocol. The analyte is adsorbed on the nanoparticle and detected through its own Raman spectrum. Reproduced with permission from Bonifacio et al. [304]. Copyright (2015), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
