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. 2019 Apr 17;9(2):57. doi: 10.3390/bios9020057

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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RNA biomarkers detection through label-free SERS. The detection can be represented considering four different steps. Step 1: Extraction of RNA from urinary samples. Step 2: Amplification of target RNA biomarkers into dsDNA sequences, by isothermal transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) and purification of samples. Step 3: Incubation of amplicons with positively-charged Ag nanoparticles. Step 4: SERS measurements of colloidal suspensions. Reproduced with permission from Wang et al. [458]. Copyright (2017), the Royal Society of Chemistry.