Table 4.
Changes in water, sanitation, and personal hygiene practices, self-reported sickness, and workplace absenteeism from baseline to endline.
| Variables | Lunch Meal | Non-Meal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Endline | p | Baseline | Endline | p | Baseline | Endline | p | Baseline | Endline | p | |
| I (326) | I (306) | C (328) | C (328) | I (328) | I (328) | C (328) | C (328) | |||||
| Factory A | Factory B | Factory C | Factory D | |||||||||
| Availability of clean and safe drinking water at workplace | 301 (92.3) | 280 (91.5) | <0.001 | 320 (97.6) | 327 (99.7) | 0.03 | 311 (94.8) | 322 (98.2) | 0.03 | 311 (94.8) | 319 (97.3) | NS |
| Reported hand washing after defecation | 311 (95.4) | 299 (97.7) | NS | 328 (100) | 326 (99.4) | NS | 327 (99.7) | 325 (99.1) | NS | 311 (94.8) | 322 (98.2) | 0.03 |
| Products used for menstrual hygiene management, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Sanitary pad | 88 (26.9) | 136 (44.4) | <0.001 | 135 (41.2) | 293 (46.2) | NS | 98 (29.9) | 151 (46) | <0.001 | 66 (20.1) | 103 (31.4) | 0.006 |
| Cloth | 231 (70.9) | 159 (52) | 184 (56.1) | 317 (50) | 210 (64.0) | 160 (48.8) | 233 (71.0) | 199 (60.7) | ||||
| Factory rags | 3 (0.9) | 5 (1.6) | 7 (2.1) | 15 (2.4) | 8 (2.4) | 6 (1.8) | 11 (3.4) | 6 (1.8) | ||||
| Self-reported sickness in last 15 days, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Diarrhea | 12 (3.7) | 10 (3.3) | NS | 8 (2.4) | 16 (2.5) | NS | 6 (1.8) | 8 (2.4) | NS | 5 (1.5) | 15 (4.6) | 0.02 |
| Dysentery | 5 (1.5) | 4 (1.3) | NS | 2 (0.6) | 4 (0.6) | NS | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | NS | 6 (1.8) | 2 (0.6) | NS |
| Fever | 54 (16.6) | 36 (11.8) | NS | 70 (21.3) | 69 (10.9) | <0.001 | 66 (20.1) | 67 (20.4) | NS | 51 (15.6) | 55 (16.8) | NS |
| Common cold | 104 (31.9) | 70 (22.9) | <0.001 | 84 (25.6) | 128 (20.2) | <0.001 | 88 (26.8) | 83 (25.3) | NS | 67 (20.4) | 78 (23.8) | NS |
| Urinary tract infection | 24 (7.4) | 8 (2.6) | <0.001 | 18 (5.5) | 15 (2.4) | <0.04 | 16 (4.9) | 19 (5.8) | NS | 11 (3.4) | 12 (3.7) | NS |
| Joint pain | 67 (20.6) | 43 (14.1) | 0.03 | 74 (22.6) | 84 (13.3) | <0.001 | 82 (25) | 87 (26.5) | NS | 60 (18.3) | 59 (18) | NS |
| Workplace absenteeism (in last 30 days preceding interview), n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Absence due to sickness | 22 (6.8) | 11 (3.6) | NS | 24 (7.3) | 21 (6.5) | NS | 32 (9.8) | 32 (9.8) | NS | 13 (3.9) | 24 (7.3) | 0.02 |
| Days of sickness absenteeism, median (IQR) | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | NS | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | NS | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (2, 5) | NS | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | NS |
Abbreviation: I: intervention; C: control; NS: p-values were not significant at 0.05 or 5% level. Continuous variables are presented by mean ± SD and categorical variables are presented as the percentage of participants (%).