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. 2019 Jun 1;9(6):127. doi: 10.3390/brainsci9060127

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Experimental setup for transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) measurements. (B) Extraction of the peak–peak amplitude of a motor-evoked potential (MEP). (C) Visual cue that was presented to the participants and an example of an averaged movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) from the 50 movements prior to the cue-based brain–computer interface (BCI) training. Note that in this example the peak negativity occurs prior to the task onset, and it is this latency of peak negativity with respect to the task onset that is considered to be stable throughout the cue-based BCI training. (D) The participants receive electrical stimulation when they imagine a movement. There is no visual cue provided in the self-paced BCI training.