Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study participants.
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Usage of Convenience Stores Three or More Times Per Week | p | Usage of Convenience Stores Three or More Times Per Week | p | |||
| N | (+) n = 24 | (−) n = 182 | (+) n = 9 | (−) n = 152 | ||
| Age (years) | 64.5 (54.0−67.3) | 69.0 (64.0−74.0) | 0.004 | 65.0 (58.0−68.0) | 69.0 (62.0−74.0) | 0.233 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.3 (20.7−25.5) | 23.6 (21.9−26.1) | 0.399 | 23.4 (21.4−25.4) | 23.8 (21.3−26.9) | 0.716 |
| Habit of exercise (−/+) | 15/9 | 87/95 | 0.256 | 6/3 | 80/72 | 0.633 |
| Habit of smoking (−/+) | 15/9 | 149/33 | 0.052 | 7/2 | 143/9 | 0.229 |
| Habit of drinking alcohol (−/+) | 18/6 | 144/38 | 0.843 | 9/0 | 149/3 | 1.000 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) | 51.9 (49.5−58.7) | 53.0 (47.5−58.2) | 0.658 | 54.1 (46.5−55.2) | 51.9 (48.6−58.5) | 0.627 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 6.9 (6.7−7.5) | 7.0 (6.5−7.5) | 0.658 | 7.1 (6.4−7.2) | 6.9 (6.6−7.5) | 0.627 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.4 (6.7−8.5) | 7.7 (6.6−9.3) | 0.816 | 6.6 (5.6−6.7) | 7.4 (6.2−8.6) | 0.058 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 11.0 (6.8−15.8) | 14.0 (8.0−21.8) | 0.249 | 16.0 (9.0−20.0) | 12.0 (5.0−18.0) | 0.355 |
| Medication for diabetes (−/+) | 2/22 | 16/166 | 1.000 | 0/9 | 11/141 | 0.876 |
| Insulin treatment (−/+) | 22/2 | 171/11 | 1.000 | 9/0 | 142/10 | 0.933 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 69.8 (59.2−82.7) | 77.8 (64.8−91.9) | 0.198 | 51.3 (44.2−61.9) | 56.6 (50.2−63.0) | 0.466 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 80.2 (63.5−92.4) | 68.7 (55.6−81.4) | 0.077 | 78.5 (67.1−94.1) | 71.2 (60.7−81.3) | 0.326 |
| UAE (mg/gCr) | 23.7 (11.3−223.8) | 19.6 (7.0−85.5) | 0.391 | 13.8 (10.9−18.0) | 18.6 (9.3−69.4) | 0.299 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 330.1 (282.5−376.2) | 333.1 (279.6−386.6) | 0.665 | 261.7 (178.4−267.7) | 279.6 (237.9−333.1) | 0.067 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 20.5 (16.0−27.0) | 19.0 (14.3−27.0) | 0.875 | 16.0 (11.0−21.0) | 15.5 (13.0−22.3) | 0.886 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 21.0 (19.0−26.0) | 21.0 (18.0−25.8) | 0.711 | 19.0 (15.0−21.0) | 19.0 (16.0−23.3) | 0.443 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134 (127−148) | 130 (122−138) | 0.101 | 134 (126−137) | 131 (119−141) | 0.760 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.4 (9.8) | 82.7 (12.8) | 0.003 | 73.3 (10.5) | 71.3 (12.2) | 0.586 |
| Medication for hypertension (−/+) | 10/14 | 75/107 | 1.000 | 3/6 | 73/79 | 0.607 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.6 (4.1−5.3) | 4.7 (4.1−5.4) | 0.831 | 5.2 (5.0−5.4) | 5.2 (4.6−5.9) | 0.979 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.42 (1.13−1.66) | 1.37 (1.20−1.63) | 0.961 | 1.58 (1.53−1.97) | 1.54 (1.34−1.81) | 0.399 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.42 (0.91−1.65) | 1.30 (0.92−1.91) | 0.965 | 1.25 (0.79−1.61) | 1.29 (0.88−1.71) | 0.635 |
| Medication for dyslipidemia (−/+) | 13/11 | 95/87 | 1.000 | 4/5 | 86/66 | 0.714 |
Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation), median (interquartile range) or number. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UAE, urinary albumin excretion; HDL, high−density lipoprotein. “Habit of exercise” was defined as performing any kind of physical activity at least once a week. “Habit of smoking” was defined as currently smoking cigarettes or another tobacco product. ‘Habit of drinking alcohol’ was defined as more than 20 g/day alcohol intake. The differences of characteristics between the patients with and without usage of convenience stores were evaluated by Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test or Chi-squared test separated by gender.