Table 3.

Inducers of xenobiotics metabolism—a brief summary. Images of the chemical structures obtained from ChemSpider database [52]. ↑: upregulation/induction/stimulation, ↓: downregulation/inhibition DNMT—DNA methyltransferase, HDACs—histone deacetylase, MMPs—metaloproteinases, miRNAs—microRNA, DADS—diallyl sulfide.

Structure/Name	Mechanism(s)	Experimental Model	Compound Source	Ref.
Kahweol (above) and other terpenes (diterpenes, kafestol)	↑ II phase enzymes (via NRF2 transcription factor)	Mice and rat liver and kidney cells	Green coffee seeds	[100,101,102,103,104]
Parthenolide	↑ cell cycle arrest, cell differentiation, apoptosis, epigenetics: ↓ HDAC1 and DNMT1	Leukemia, cervical cancer, breast cancer	Tanacetum parthenium feverfew	[105,106,107,108,109,110,111]
Betulinic acid	↑ apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, cell cycle arrest	Lung, cervical and ovarian cancer, melanoma, rhabdomyo-sarcoma, neuroblastoma, leukemia, epidermoid carcinoma	bark of Betula pubescens	[112,113,114,115,116,117]
Auraptene (above) and other coumarins (furanocoumarin, pyranocoumarin)	↑ of II phase enzymes DHC: ↓HDAC (↓Rad52) ↓SIRT1 deacetylases	In vivo and in vitro animal model, yeast, human lymphoblastoid, colon, prostate ovarian, breast, non-small cell lung cancer, leukemia cell line	Citrus fruits and vegetables such as parsley, celery, parsnip	[118,119,120]
Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC)	↑ of II phase enzymes, ↑DNMT1, ↑GSTP1; ↓HDAC, miRNAs modulation (cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis, cell invasiveness; ↓MMPs)	Animal and human cancer cells in vitro: breast, cervical, non-small cell lung. Prostate cancer, osteogenic sarcoma, myeloma cell lines	Spices, such as mustard, wasabi, and horseradish	[121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136]
Sulforaphane	↑ II phase enzymes; ↑ apoptosis; ↓DNMT1s, ↓HDAC	Human cancer cells in vitro: breast, colon cancer, glioblastoma	Broccoli	[137,138,139,140,141]
Glucoraphanin	↑ II phase enzymes	Weaker chemo-preventive properties than sulforaphane	Plant precursor of sulforaphane	[142,143,144]
Iberin	↑ II phase enzymes; ↑apoptosis	Human cancer cells in vitro: breast, colon cancer, glioblastoma	Broccoli	[138,139,140,141]
Allyl sulfide (above), diallyl sulfide,	↑ phase II enzymes DADS: ↓HDAC (↓ cell proliferation, ↑cell cycle arrest)	Rat intestine and liver cells, erythroleukemia, colon cancer cells	Genus Allium: garlic and onions etc.	[145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153]
Indole-3-carbinol	↑ phase II enzymes ↓HDAC ↑ cell cycle arrest, apoptosis miRNAs modulation (↓cell invasiveness)	Rat liver cells, human cancer cells in vitro: breast, prostate, ovarian cancer	Vegetables of Cruciferae family, such as: cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts, broccoli	[154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168]