Table 2.
The scoring criteria and distribution of Alternative Healthy Eating Index in hemodialysis patients.
| Component | Criteria | Actual Eating Index Distribution 1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum Score of 0 | Maximum Score of 10 | Total (N = 370) | Survival (N = 325) | Death (N = 45) | p-value | |
| Whole fruits, serving/d 2 | 0 | ≥2–4 | 1.7 (0.3–2.9) | 1.8 (0.5–3.1) | 0.7 (0.0–2.2) | 0.007 |
| Total vegetables, serving/d 2 | 0 | ≥3–5 | 3.3 (2.0–5.0) | 3.3 (2.1–5.0) | 3.1 (1.8–5.0) | 0.590 |
| Whole grains, serving/d 3 | Highest decile | Lowest decile | 361 (97.6) | 318 (97.8) | 43 (95.6) | 0.350 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice, serving/d 4 | >0 | 0 | 175 (47.3) | 150 (46.2) | 25 (55.6) | 0.236 |
| Nuts and legumes, serving/d 3,5 | Highest decile | Lowest decile | 269 (72.7) | 236 (72.6) | 33 (73.3) | 0.919 |
| Fresh red meat, serving/d 3 | ≥1.5 | <1.5 | 154 (41.6) | 139 (42.8) | 15 (33.3) | 0.229 |
| Processed meat, serving/d 6 | >0 | 0 | 160 (43.2) | 134 (41.2) | 26 (57.8) | 0.036 |
| Fish (EPA + DHA), serving/week | 0 | ≥1 | 209 (56.5) | 197 (60.6) | 12 (26.7) | <0.001 |
| UFAs rich foods, serving/d 2,4,7 | 0 | ≥4–8 | 3.5 (1.0–6.7) | 3.5 (0.9–6.5) | 3.4 (1.8–9.0) | 0.247 |
| Alcohol, drinks/d 8 | >0 | 0 | 358 (96.8) | 313 (96.3) | 45 (100.0) | 0.190 |
| Sodium, mg/d 5 | Highest decile | Lowest decile | 217 (58.6) | 193 (59.4) | 24 (46.7) | 0.440 |
| Total AHEI-2010 score | 0 | 110 | 64.7 ± 13.4 | 65.0 ± 13.3 | 62.5 ± 13.7 | 0.235 |
| Total Grains, serving/d 2 | 0 | ≥8–18 | 5.3 ± 1.9 | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 5.0 ± 1.8 | 0.185 |
| Total protein foods, serving/d 2 | 0 | ≥4.5–10 | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 5.8 ± 2.5 | 0.636 |
| HBV proteins, % total protein 3 | 0 | ≥50 | 360 (97.3) | 318 (97.8) | 42 (93.3) | 0.080 |
| Dairy products, serving/d 3 | Highest decile | Lowest decile | 268 (72.4) | 237 (72.9) | 31(68.9) | 0.570 |
| SFAs rich foods, serving/d 4,7 | >0 | 0 | 195 (52.7) | 158 (48.6) | 37 (82.2) | <0.001 |
| Total AHEI-HD score | 0 | 160 | 98.7 ± 15.6 | 98.7 ± 15.6 | 98.7 ± 15.3 | 0.992 |
EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; UFA, unsaturated fatty acids; AHEI, alternative healthy eating index; HBV, high biological value; SFA, saturated fatty acids; HD, hemodialysis. 1 The actual index distributions were presented as mean ± standard deviation, median and interquartile range, or proportion of maximum score, appropriately. p values were calculated to compare the distribution of alternative health eating index and its components between the survival and the death, using independent-samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, or Chi-square test, appropriately. 2 Recommended amounts of food groups expressed per energy requirement level, found in the Daily Food Guide in Taiwan. 3 Suggested by the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure. 4 Suggested by the EAT–Lancet Commission. 5 The deciles of distribution of actual intake in the hemodialysis patients were used to obtain the intake score. 6 Suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO)’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 7 UFAs rich oils consisting all vegetable oils (olive, soy, sunflower, tea, canola, rice, peanut, Flax seed, and Grape seed); SFAs rich oils consisting animal and palm oils. 8 Suggested by the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2016 Alcohol Collaborators.