Table 2.
Adult human studies assessing the relationship between sleep measures and fruit and vegetable consumption.
| Author, Year (Ref) | Country | Population | Sample n | Exposure | Outcome | Adjusted Variables | Findings Reported on Sleep and FV | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-sectional studies | ||||||||
| Patel et al., 2006 [97] | United States | Nurse’s Health study | 68,183 | Subjective report of sleep duration. Sleep duration categorized to ≤5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, and ≥9 h | FFQ | No adjustment | FV consumption differed between sleep duration categories in baseline characteristics | Exposure and outcome not clearly stated. The significant difference in FV consumption between sleep duration groups could be due to the numerous categories of sleep duration |
| Adams and Colner 2008 [101] | United States | College students aged 18–25 years | 40,209 | Subjective report of sleep duration | FV consumption (servings/d) | Not clear | Sleep duration was a significant predictor for FV intakes, increased FV intake was positively associated with sleep duration | Sleep duration was combined in a physical health model based on health issues identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| Stamatakis and Brownson 2008 [102] | United States | Participants aged 20–92 from rural communities in Missouri, Tennessee, and Arkansas | 1203 | Subjective report of sleep duration. Sleep duration categorized to <7 h, 7–9 h, and ≥ 9 h | Self-report of FV consumption (servings/d) over the past month | Age, sex, ethnicity, education, marital status, and household income | Short sleep duration was associated with low FV consumption | |
| Buxton et al., 2009 [103] | United States | Motor freight workers | 542 | Sleep adequacy assessed by “How often during the past 4 weeks did you get enough sleep to feel rested upon waking up?” | 6 items of FV (servings/d) | Clustering of workers in trucking terminals through inclusion of terminal as a random effect | Adequate sleep was associated with more servings of FV | Several confounders were not adjusted for in the model |
| Baron et al., 2011 [104] | United states | Adults recruited from the community | 52 adults aged 18–71 years | Sleep timing assessed using logs and wrist actigraphy for 7 d | Food log in which participants recorded all food and drinks consumed for a 7 d period | Age and sleep duration | Sleep timing was independently associated with FV consumption. Later sleep timing was associated with fewer servings of FV | Exclusion criteria did not include shift workers, no participants reported shift work but this could cause report bias. Morning type diurnal preference participants were excluded providing no comparison with evening type participants |
| Kim et al., 2011 [105] | United States | Women aged 35–74 years | 27,983 | Subjective report of sleep duration | Eating pattern was self-reported and conventional eating and snack dominance scores were calculated, HEI calculated from FFQ | Age, race, income, education, employment, marital status, children, BMI, menopause status, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, health status, and stress | FV consumption (servings/d) were different among the four quartiles of conventional eating score. Short and long sleepers showed preponderance of snacks over meals related to lower intakes of FV | May have over adjusted and did not adjust for total energy intake |
| Haghighatdoost et al., 2012 [106] | Iran | Female university students aged 18–28 years | 410 | Subjective report of sleep duration. Sleep duration were categorized based on the tertiles of sleep duration: <6 h, 6–8 h, and >8 h | 168 items of FFQ. Diet diversity and HEI were calculated | No adjusted variables because the study was comparing dietary intake between tertiles of sleep duration | Consumption of fruits was significantly lower in the lowest tertile (<6 h) compared to the highest tertile (>8 h). Diversity scores of FV were significantly lower among participants in the lowest tertile | |
| Hoefelmann et al., 2012 [122] | Brazil | Workers part of a national survey | 47,477 | Self-report of FV (servings/week) | Subjective report of sleep quality | Socio-demographic indicators negative perception of health, wellbeing, stress, and self-reported morbidities | Inadequate FV consumption was associated with poor sleep quality | |
| Mosca and Aggarwal, 2012 [107] | United States | Men older than 40 years and women older than 50 years | 371 | Subjective report of sleep duration and snoring (yes, no).Sleep duration categorized to (<6 h/d) and (≥6 h/d) | <5 or ≥5 servings/d of FV | Age, sex, ethnicity, and marital status | No difference was shown between sleep duration categories and FV consumption. Snoring was associated with consuming less than 5 servings/day of FV | Assessment method of FV was not mentioned, may be self-report using a standardized questionnaire |
| Tu et al., 2012 [89] | China | Chinese women aged 40–70 years from the Shanghai Women’s Health Study | 68,832 | Subjective report of sleep duration. Sleep duration categorized; ≤4 h, 5 h,6 h, 8 h, 9 h, and ≥10 h | FFQ | Age, education level, occupational status, history of night-shift work, annual income, menopausal status, marital status, and number of live births | Fruit intake was inversely associated with short sleep duration. FV consumption was not associated with long sleep | Exposure and outcome not clearly stated |
| Beydoun et al., 2014 [123] | United States | Adults aged 20–85 from the NHANES | 2459 | Two 24-h dietary recalls. FV consumption (cup equivalent/d) | Subjective report of sleep | No adjustment | Very short, short and long sleepers consumed less FV compared to normal | |
| Katagiri et al., 2014 [124] | Japan | Middle-aged female workers aged 34–65 years | 3129 | 151-item self-administered diet history questionnaire | PSQI | Physical activity, CES-D score, employment, smoking, and BMI | High intake of vegetables were associated with good sleep quality | Analyses was not adjusted for several potential confounders e.g., age, total energy intake, SES, and ethnicity |
| Mota et al., 2014 [98] | Brazil | Resident physicians | 72 | Sleepiness assessed using the ESS. Sleep quality assessed using PSQI | Food diary for 3 non-consecutive days. FV consumption calculated using AHEI | Age and BMI | FV consumption were not correlated with ESS and PSQI | Exposure/outcome not clearly stated. Pearson correlation was used, does not provide predictions [130]. Analyses were not adjusted for several potential confounders |
| Chang et al., 2015 [108] | United States | Overweight and obese pregnant women | 213 | Sleep was assessed by PSQI | 7 items of FV assessed by the Rapid Food Screener | Not stated may be due to the use of Pearson correlation and path analyses (to investigate the mediating roles) | Sleep duration and sleep quality were not associated with FV intake in three trimesters. SOL was related to FV in the first and third trimester | |
| Grandner et al., 2015 [125] | United States | Nationally representative adults | 323,047 | Daily servings of FV from the BRFSS | Self-report of perceived insufficient sleep | Not clear | Consuming <1 or 1–3 servings of FV was not associated with insufficient sleep | Adjusted variables were not clearly reported |
| Kurotani et al., 2015 [126] | Japan | Workers aged 18–70 years | 2025 | 52-item diet history questionnaire. Healthy DPs included vegetables, mushrooms, potatoes, seaweeds, soy products, and eggs | Subjective report of seep duration, difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep, and sleep quality | Age, sex, site, shift work, employment, marital status, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, diabetic treatment, energy intake, skipping meals, habitual snacking at night | An inverse association was found between the healthy DPs and difficulties falling asleep at least once a week and persisted after excluding participants with severe depressive symptoms | May have over adjusted |
| Mossavar-Rahmani et al., 2015 [99] | United states | Hispanic/Latino participants aged 18–74 years | 11,888 | Subjective report on sleeping and waking times. Sleep duration categorized: short ≥3 h and <6 h, intermediate >6 h and ≤9 h, long >9 h and ≤ 14 h | Two 24-h dietary recalls. AHEI-2010 scores for diet quality | Age, sex, Hispanic/Latino background, income, employment status, education, depressive symptomology, and years lived in the US | Short sleepers had a lower quality diet compared to intermediate sleepers with significantly lower intakes of vegetables. Long sleepers had lower intakes of FV compared to intermediate sleepers | Exposure and outcome not clearly stated |
| Patterson et al., 2016 [109] | United Kingdom | Adults aged 40–69 from the UK Biobank | 439,933 | Subjective report of sleep duration categorized; very short ≤4 h, short 5–6 h, adequate 7–8 h, and long ≥9 h | Self-report of FV consumption for the previous year | Age, sex, ethnicity, attended college, and employment | Longer sleep duration was negatively associated with daily fruit intake, but positively associated with vegetable intake | FV consumption for the previous year may cause over/under reporting |
| Quick et al., 2016 [127] | United States | College students aged 18–24 years | 1252 | FV consumption over the past month (cups/day) | PSQI. Sleep duration categorized; <7 h/night, 7–8 h/night and ≥8 h/night | Sex, ethnicity, work time pressures, negative affect, and sleep disturbances | No difference was found in FV consumption between sleep duration groups | |
| Silva et al., 2016 [110] | Brazil | Students aged 18–39 | 204 | Perceived sleep debt calculated (preferred weekday sleep duration-self reported weekday sleep duration) | FFQ | Age, BMI, and sex | FV consumption were not associated with perceived sleep debt | |
| Xiao et al., 2016 [111] | United States | Women within 5 years of childbirth aged 20–44 years | 896 | Subjective report of sleep duration. Sleep duration was categorized to ≤6 h, 7–8 h, and long ≥9 h | Diet was assessed by two 24-h dietary recalls. Diet quality was measured by HEI-2010 | Age, ethnicity, education, marital status, poverty income ratio, weight status, years after recent childbirth, smoking, physical activity, depressive symptoms, history of breastfeeding, and diagnoses of chronic diseases | Short sleep duration was not associated with FV consumption. Long sleep duration was associated with lower consumption of total fruit and whole fruit | May have over adjusted |
| Doo and Kim 2017 [112] | Korea | Pre and post-menopausal women | 17,841 | Subjective report of sleep duration. Sleep duration categorized to short (≤6.9 h/d) and adequate (≥7 h/d) | One 24-h recall | Age, education, household income, diseases, smoking, alcohol, and physical activity | No differences were observed in FV consumption by sleep duration | |
| * Duke et al., 2017 [80] | United States | Pregnant | 2942 | FV consumption, 4 questions from the BRFSS | Subjective report of sleep duration | Age, ethnicity, education, exercise, marital status, income, employment | Orange and green vegetables were inversely associated with sleep duration. Total FV were not associated with sleep duration. Odds of meeting or exceeding sleep recommendation increased with each unit increase in total FV (OR = 1.05 95% CI 1.003, 1.092) | Recall of FV intakes was for the past month which is based on memory and may cause over or underreporting |
| Kleiser et al., 2017 [113] | Bavaria, Germany | Bavarian adults aged ≥18 | 814 | PSQI | Three 24-h dietary recalls (2 weekdays, 1 weekend day) | Age, sex BMI, education, smoking physical activity, TV/PC use, and season | Sleep duration was not associated with FV consumption | |
| Mossavar-Rahmani et al., 2017[114] | United States | Hispanic/Latino participants aged 18–74 years from 4 US cities | 2140 | Sleep measured by actigraphy for 7 consecutive days. Sleep duration categorized; short (<6 h), intermediate (= 6 and <8 h) and long (≥ 8 h). Sleep fragmentation index calculated | Two 24-h dietary recalls. AHEI-2010 scores for diet quality | Age, sex, site, ethnic background, employment depression, and log daily energy intake | Whole fruit intake differed between sleep duration groups with lowest intakes in short sleepers. Sleep efficiency was positively associated with whole fruit intake and sleep fragmentation index was negatively associated with whole fruit intake | |
| Pérez-Rodrigo et al., 2017 [128] | Spain | Adults aged 18–64 | 1617 | 24-h diet recall, a 3-day food record aided by a tablet device. Four DPs identified; traditional (high in FV), Mediterranean (high in FV), snack and dairy | Subjective report of sleep duration. Three lifestyle patterns identified; “Mixed diet-physically active-low sedentary lifestyle pattern”, a “Not poor diet-low physical activity-low sedentary lifestyle pattern”, and a “Poor diet-low physical activity-sedentary lifestyle pattern” | Age | Sleep duration differed between the 3 lifestyle patterns in men and women. In both men and women, mean sleep duration was the highest in the “Not poor diet-low physical activity-low sedentary lifestyle pattern” | Two DPs were identified with high intakes of FV. Analyses was not adjusted for several potential confounders |
| Potter et al., 2017 [90] | United Kingdom | Adults aged 19–65 years from the NDNS | 1615 | Subjective report of sleep duration | 4-day food diary | Age, sex, smoking, ethnicity, and SES | Sleep duration was not associated with FV consumption | Did not adjust for total energy intake. Non-linear associations not explored between sleep and diet |
| Timmermans et al., 2017 [115] | Europe | Adults | 5900 | Subjective report of sleep duration | FFQ | Age, sex, education and self-rated health | Longer sleep duration was associated with lower fruit consumption | |
| Van Lee et al., 2017 [100] | Singapore | Pregnant women | 497 | PSQI | One 24-h recall at 26–28 weeks of gestation. HEI-SGP to measure diet quality. DPs included FV and white rice pattern | Alcohol, physical activity, household income, education, ethnicity, energy intake, age, and gravidity | Good sleep quality was associated with better diet quality and greater adherence to the FV and white rice pattern compared to poor sleep quality | Exposure and outcome not clearly stated |
| Wang et al., 2017 [129] | China | Older adults aged 60–79 years | 4115 | Inadequate fruit intake was defined as adults who ate fruit less than three times per week | Subjective report of sleep duration. Sleep duration was categorized to <7 h/d, 7–8 h/d and >8 h/d | All independent variables of socio-demographic and lifestyle variables were included in the same model thus adjusting for each other | Inadequate intake of fruits was positively associated with short and long sleep durations | The definition of inadequate fruit was not based on a reference |
| Gebski et al., 2018 [116] | Polish adults | Adults aged 21–65 years | 1007 adults | Subjective report of sleep duration | Frequency of consumption of selected food groups including FV. Five DPs were derived including FV pattern and FV juices | Age, education and place of residence | In weekdays, short sleep duration was associated with lower odds of FV DP in men. In weekends, short sleep duration was associated with higher odds of FV DP in women | Analyses was not adjusted for several potential confounders |
| * Lee et al., 2018 [81] | China | Older adults aged ≥65 years | 5911 | Subjective report of the frequency of FV consumption | Subjective report of sleep duration and quality. Sleep duration categorized; short (<7 h), recommended (7–8 h) and long (>8 h) | Age, sex, marital status, education, alcohol, smoking, exercise, household income, community, and province | Frequent FV consumption were associated with better sleep quality. Less frequent FV consumption was associated with short sleep and long sleep compared to the reference | Did not test for non-linear associations. Dietary recall may cause over or under reporting |
| * Noorwali et al., 2018 [84] | United Kingdom | Adults aged 19–65 years from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey | 1612 | Subjective report of sleep duration categorized to short (<7 h/d), reference (7–8 h/d) long (>8 h/d) | 4-day food diaries. Foods containing FV were disaggregated into their components to help assess total FV. | Age, sex, SES, smoking, ethnicity, and total energy intake | Sleep duration was non-linearly associated with FV consumption with short and long sleepers having lower intakes compared to the reference group | Assessed non-linear associations and used FV biomarkers |
| Patterson et al., 2018 [117] | United Kingdom | Adults aged 40–69 enrolled in the UK Biobank | 438,933 | Subjective report of sleep duration. Sleep duration was categorized to ≤6 h/d, 7–8 h/d and ≥9 h/d | FFQ. Variables combined and a binary variable created to (<5 servings/d, ≥5 servings/d) | Age, sex, ethnicity, employment, shift work, education, urban vs. rural residence | Long sleepers with had a 62% higher odds of eating <5 servings/d of FV compared with adequate sleepers | Sleep duration and chronotype were used together as independent variables suggesting interactive effects |
| Peltzer et al., 2018 [118] | South Africa | Participants aged ≥ 40 years | 4725 | Subjective report of sleep duration. Sleep duration categorized to <7 h/d, 7–8 h/d and ≥9 h/d | Self-report of FV consumption. Inadequate FV consumption: having <5 servings/day | Not stated | Consumption of <5 servings/day of FV were associated with higher odds of short sleep duration | Authors state adjusted multinomial logistic regression but did not state the confounders |
| Tan et al., 2018 [119] | Germany and Netherlands | Participants aged 20–85 years | 790 | Subjective report of restful sleep and sleep quality | Self-report of FV consumption. “During the last weeks, did you eat five portions of FV per day?” The answers were based on a five-point Likert scale | Age, sex, BMI, country of origin, employment status, marital status, and education | Restful sleep was not associated with FV consumption however, in combination, restful sleep, physical activity, and FV intake were associated with increased sleep quality | |
| Vézina-Im et al., 2018 [120] | Canada | Women of child bearing age 18–44 years | 9749 | Subjective report of sleep duration and quality. Sleep duration was categorized to <7 h/night and ≥ 7 h/night | 6-item questionnaire to assess FV consumption | No adjustment | FV intake was associated with higher odds of having adequate sleep duration and quality sleep | |
| Vézina-Im et al., 2018 [121] | Canada | Women of child bearing age 18–44 years | 9749 | Subjective report of sleep duration and quality. Sleep duration was categorized to <7 h/night and ≥ 7 h/night | 6-item questionnaire to assess FV consumption | Age, ethnicity, education, household income, marital status, employment, parity, region, season, mood disorder, FV intake, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol | FV consumption was included as an adjustment between sleep duration and quality with BMI. FV consumption was not associated in the relationship between sleep duration and quality with BMI ≥25 | This study assessed the association between sleep duration and quality with BMI adjusting for several covariates including FV intakes |
| Prospective studies | ||||||||
| Imaki et al., 2002 [78] | Japan (6 year follow-up) | Male employees aged 20–59 years | 2000 | Multiple choice questionnaire: hours of sleep, (1) ≤6 h, (2) 6.1–8.9 h, (3) ≥9 h | 7 items of dietary habits including vegetable intakes in the diet (1) ample (2) none | No adjustment | The percentage of participants who slept 6 h or less consumed less vegetables compared to 6.1–8.9 h during the 6-year period of study | This study did not use any analyses for prediction such as regression analyses and only compared the intakes using percentages |
| Huang et al., 2013 [79] | Taiwan (10 year follow-up) | Elderly aged ≥65 years | 1865 | Subjective report of sleep quality categorized; poor, fair or good | 24-h dietary recall and FFQ. Dietary diversity score derived from 6 items including FV | Age, education, BMI, physical activity, and use of sleeping pills | Female poor sleepers consumed fewer vegetables compared to fair or good sleepers. Dietary diversity score and sleep quality interacted and modulated mortality with sex differences | |
| * Noorwali et al., 2018 [82] | United Kingdom | Middle aged women from the UK Women’s Cohort Study | Cross-sectional = 12,159 Prospective = 463 | Subjective report of sleep duration categorized to short (≤6 h/d) recommended (7–9 h/d) long (≥9 h/d) | 4-day food diaries | Age, SES, smoking, ethnicity, and total energy intake | Sleep duration was non-linearly associated with FV consumption in cross-sectional and prospective analyses with those sleeping the recommended 7–9 h having the highest intakes | First prospective study. Assessed non-linear associations and used FV biomarkers |
| * Noorwali et al., 2018 [83] | United Kingdom | Middle aged women from the UK Women’s Cohort Study | 13,958 | FV items from FFQ and their polyphenol content matched from Phenol Explorer database | Subjective report of sleep duration | Age, SES, smoking, ethnicity and total energy intake | FV consumption and their polyphenol content were inversely associated with sleep duration | First prospective study to examine the association between polyphenols from FV and sleep duration |
| Sleep restriction and extension studies | ||||||||
| Spiegel et al., 2004 [67] | United States | Healthy young men | 12 | Men were assigned to either 4 h of sleep for 2 consecutive nights or 10 h of sleep for 2 consecutive nights | Participants were provided with standard hospital meals and completed a visual analogue scale for hunger and appetite for various food categories including FV | No adjustment | Appetite rating for FV increased following sleep restriction by 17% (p = 0.07) for fruit and fruit juices and 21% for vegetables (p = 0.02) compared to sleep extension | Short intervention period and small sample size |
| Sleep restriction and extension studies | ||||||||
| Heath et al., 2012 [68] | Australia | Healthy males | 24 | Participants lived 12 consecutive days in a sleep laboratory. 14 participants were sleep restricted to 4 h (severe), 10 participants were restricted to 6 h of sleep (moderate) | Participants were served 3 meals and 5–6 snacks daily. Snacks included 3 categories; sweet, savoury and healthy (1 piece of fresh fruit and 1 packet of 40 g of dried fruit and nuts) | No adjustment | No effects of sleep restriction were found on healthy snack consumption | Short intervention period and small sample size |
| Spaeth et al., 2014 [69] | United States | Healthy adults aged 21–50 years | 44 | In laboratory sleep restriction to 4 h (04:00–08:00 a.m.) for 5 consecutive nights. Participants wore actigraph | Participants selected their meals and snacks by choosing from various menu options, selecting additional food and drink available in the laboratory suite | Age | Calories consumed from FV and salad did not differ between baselines and sleep restriction | |
| Sleep extension studies | ||||||||
| Tasali et al., 2014 [70] | United States | Overweight young adults reporting sleep <6.5 h/d | 10 | Habitual sleep was followed for 1 week and intervention was extending sleep to 8.5 h for 2 weeks by behavioral counselling on sleep hygiene | Desire for various foods including FV was assessed using visual analog scales | No adjusted variables | Extended sleep did not change the desire for FV | No control group. Short intervention period and small sample size |
| Fruit intervention studies | ||||||||
| * Garrido et al., 2009 [71] | Spain | Young, middle-aged, and elderly | 18 | Powdered freeze-dried nutraceutical product diluted in 125 mL water equivalent to 141 g Jerte Valley cherries, consumed twice a day for 3 consecutive days | Sleep was assessed by actigraphy. Participants wore it 3 days before the trial, during 3 days of trial, and 1 day afterwards. | No adjusted variables | After intervention, sleep duration increased compared to baseline. Immobility increased and nocturnal activity decreased in young and elderly compared to baseline | No control group. Short intervention period and small sample size |
| * Garrido et al., 2010 [72] | Spain | Middle-aged and elderly Caucasian | 12 | 200 g of 7 different cultivars of cherries twice a day for three days | Wrist actigraphy wore 3 days before the trial and during 3 days of the trial | No adjusted variables | Sleep duration and immobility increased after intervention, the number of awakenings, sleep latency, and nocturnal activity decreased | No control group. Short intervention period and small sample size |
| * Pigeon et al., 2010 [73] | United States | Healthy older adults aged ≥65 years with insomnia | 15 | Tart cherry juice blend or placebo consumed for 2 weeks twice a day in the morning between 8:00–10:00 a.m. and in the evening 1–2 h before bedtime | Sleep was assessed by an ISI and sleep diaries | No adjusted variables | Within groups, tart cherry juice improved ISI, SOL, sleep duration, sleep efficiency and wake after sleep onset. Between groups, tart cherry juice reduced the ISI score and wake after sleep onset with no difference in SOL, sleep duration, and sleep efficiency | Short intervention period and small sample size |
| * Lin et al., 2011 [74] | Taiwan | Participants self-reporting sleep disturbance aged 20–55 years | 24 | Two kiwifruits consumed 1 h before bedtime for 4 weeks | CPSQI, sleep diary, and actigraph | No adjusted variables | After intervention, Actigraph and sleep diary showed that sleep duration and efficiency increased compared to baseline. Sleep diary showed a decrease in CPSQI score, waking time after sleep onset, and SOL | No control group. Participants included only 2 males and 22 females. Kiwifruit consumption on sleep may differ by sex |
| * Howatson et al., 2012 [75] | United Kingdom | Healthy adults | 20 | Participants consumed a tart cherry juice concentrate or placebo for 7 d | Sleep quality recorded by actigraphy and online subjective sleep diaries were collected | No adjusted variables | Sleep diary showed that cherry juice intake decreased napping time. Actigraphy showed that cherry juice increased time in bed, sleep duration, and sleep efficiency | Short intervention period and small sample size |
| * Garrido et al., 2013 [76] | Spain | Young middle-aged and elderly | 30 | Jerte Valley cherry based product (JVCP) consumed twice a day as lunch and dinner desserts for 5 d or a placebo | Sleep was assessed by actigraphy. Participants wore it 5 d before the trial, during 5 d of trial and 5 d afterwards. | No adjusted variables | JVCP increased sleep duration and immobility in young, middle-aged and elderly compared to baseline and placebo. JVCP increased sleep efficiency in elderly compared to baseline. SOL decreased in middle-aged and elderly | Short intervention period and small sample size |
Legend: AHEI (Adapted Healthy Eating Index); AHEI-2010 (Alternative Healthy Eating Index); ANOVA (analyses of variance); BMI (body mass index); BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor surveillance System); CES-D (Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale); CPSQI (Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index); CVD (cardio vascular disease); d (day); DPs (dietary patterns); ESS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale); FFQ (food frequency questionnaire); FV (fruit and vegetable);g (gram); h (hour); HEI (Healthy Eating Index); HEI-SGP (Healthy Eating Index for Pregnant women in Singapore); ISI (Insomnia Severity Index); JVCP (Jerte Valley cherry based product); n (number); NDNS (National Diet and Nutrition Survey); NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys); OR (odds ratio); PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory); Ref (reference); SES (socio-economic status); SOL (sleep onset latency). * BOLD row, Key paper with main objective assessing the association between sleep measures and fruit and vegetable consumption.