Table 3.
Summary of animal and in vitro studies [references] assessing the effects of polyphenols on sleep and their potential mechanisms.
| Potential Mechanism Assessed | Sleep Assessed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serotonin 1A Receptor | GABA Receptors | Circadian Rhythms | Clock Gene Expression | Sleep/Wake Cycles | Sleep Duration | |
| In vivo | [202] | [203,204,205,206,207] | [208,209,210] | [211,212,213,214,215] | [202,204,205,206,207,216,217,218,219] | [202,203,205,206,207,216,217,218,220] |
| In vitro | [221] | [222] | ||||
| Polyphenol | ||||||
| Flavonoids | [202] | [205] | [221] | [202,205] | [202,205,220] | |
| Resveratrol | [209,210] | [212,213] | [219] | |||
| Phenolic acids | [220] | |||||
| GSPEs | [211,214,215] | |||||
| Phlorotannins * | [203,204] | [204] | [203] | |||
| Triphlorethol A* | [216] | [216] | ||||
| Red cabbage extracts | [217] | [217] | ||||
| Kiwifruit extracts | [206] | [206] | [206] | |||
| Romaine lettuce | [218] | [218] | ||||
| Tea polyphenols | [207] | [222] | [207] | [207] | ||
| Cherry | [208] | |||||
Legend: GSPEs (Grape seed proanthocyanidins extracts), GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), * Sea weed polyphenols.