Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the controls and complicated pregnancies.
| Control Group 1 (n = 50) |
Control Group 2 (n = 52) |
PE (n = 43) |
FGR (n = 63) |
GH (n = 57) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At sampling | ||||||
| Maternal age (years); mean ± SE | 31.88 ± 0.56 | 31.21 ± 0.56 | 32.34 ± 0.73 | 33.42 ± 0.57 | 32.15 ± 0.63 | - |
| median (range) | 32 (23–39) | 31 (23–41) | 31 (23–46) | 33 (22–44) | 32 (22–42) | - |
| Gestational age (weeks); mean ± SE | 10.69 ± 0.14 | 10.40 ± 0.08 | 10.82 ± 0.18 | 10.37 ± 0.07 | 10.84 ± 0.13 | - |
| median (range) | 10.29 (9.86–13.71) | 10.29 (10.0–13.43) | 10.29 (9.86–13.86) | 10.29 (9.86–13.29) | 10.43 (9.71–14.0) | - |
| At delivery | ||||||
| Gestational age (weeks); mean ± SE | 40.11 ± 0.11 | 39.75 ± 0.15 | 36.0 ± 0.49 | 36.68 ± 0.30 | 39.32 ± 0.16 | PE vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 FGR vs. Control group2; p < 0.001 |
| median (range) | 40.29 (37.71-42.0) | 40.0 (37.29–41.86) | 36.71 (28.0–40.71) | 37.29 (28.29–40.29) | 39.14 (36.0–41.71) | PE vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 FGR vs. Control group2; p < 0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
| Systolic; mean ± SE | 122.06 ± 1.58 | 122.05 ± 1.74 | 154.2 ± 2.04 | 124.91 ± 2.27 | 148.97 ± 2.42 | PE vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 GH vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 |
| median (range) | 120 (100–142) | 120 (90–148) | 150 (133–186) | 125 (86–177) | 150 (107–200) | PE vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 GH vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 |
| Diastolic; mean ± SE | 76.28 ± 0.94 | 77.64 ± 1.28 | 99.74 ± 1.38 | 79.7 ± 1.56 | 92.75 ± 1.43 | PE vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 GH vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 |
| median (range) | 76 (65–88) | 78 (58–93) | 100 (80–120) | 80 (59–109) | 95 (70–114) | PE vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 GH vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 |
| Fetal birth weight (grams); mean ± SE | 3521.02 ± 47.32 | 3476.42 ± 46.33 | 2551.90 ± 143.12 | 2179.46 ± 60.72 | 3503.87 ± 64.55 | PE vs. Control group1; p < .001 FGR vs. Control group2; p < 0.001 |
| median (range) | 3520 (2780–4240) | 3440 (2690–4290) | 2565 (930–4460) | 2260 (746–3230) | 3480 (2510–4670) | PE vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 FGR vs. Control group2; p < 0.001 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||||
| Vaginal | 36 (72.0%) | 43 (82.69%) | 7 (16.28%) | 16 (25.4%) | 36 (71.93%) | PE vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 FGR vs. Control group2; p < 0.001 |
| CS | 14 (28.0%) | 9 (17.31%) | 36 (83.72%) | 47 (74.6%) | 16 (28.07%) | PE vs. Control group1; p < 0.001 FGR vs. Control group2; p < 0.001 |
| Fetal sex | ||||||
| Boy | 20 (40.0%) | 27 (51.92%) | 19 (44.19%) | 32 (56.14%) | 30 (47.62%) | - |
| Girl | 30 (60.0%) | 25 (48.08%) | 24 (55.81%) | 25 (43.86%) | 33 (52.38%) | - |
| Primiparity | ||||||
| Yes | 21 (42.0%) | 31 (59.62%) | 33 (76.74%) | 35 (61.4%) | 38 (60.32%) | - |
| No | 20 (58.0%) | 21 (40.38%) | 10 (23.26%) | 22 (38.6%) | 25 (39.68%) | - |
Continuous variables, compared using the ANOVA test or the Kruskal-Wallis test, are presented as mean ± SE and median (range), respectively. Categorical variables, presented as number (percent), were compared using Chi-squared test. PE, preeclampsia; GH, gestational hypertension; FGR, fetal growth restriction; CS, Caesarean section; SE, standard error.