Table 1.
General and biochemical characteristics of participants.
| Overall | Males | Females | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1587 | 243 | 1344 |
| Anthropometrics | |||
| Age (years) | 56.7 ± 8.2 | 58.1 ± 9.4 | 56.4 ± 7.9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.4 ± 6.4 | 29.9 ± 5.2 | 32.93 ± 6.4 |
| Waist (cm) | 100.3 ± 14.1 | 103.7 ± 14.2 | 99.7 ± 14 |
| Hips (cm) | 107.9 ± 12.9 | 104.4 ± 12 | 108.6 ± 13 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126.2 ± 16.4 | 131.1 ± 13.1 | 125.4 ± 16.8 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.8 ± 9.9 | 79.5 ± 8.2 | 76.3 ± 10.1 |
| Risk Factors | |||
| Age (>50 years) $ | 77.4 | 79.8 | 77.0 |
| Family History | |||
| Diabetes Mellitus $ | 61.0 | 74.5 | 58.6 |
| Osteoporosis $ | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.7 |
| Arthritis $ | 6.2 | 4.9 | 6.5 |
| Subject History | |||
| Diabetes Mellitus $ | 54.4 | 70.8 | 51.4 |
| Thyroid Disease $ | 8.1 | 2.5 | 9.2 |
| Barium Test (last 2 weeks) $ | 9.4 | 2.1 | 10.7 |
| Scoliosis of Spine $ | 7.8 | 1.6 | 8.9 |
| Kyphosis $ | 3.5 | 0.8 | 4.0 |
| Lost Height (2 years) $ | 8.8 | 1.6 | 10.0 |
| Fracture (last 5 years) $ | 10.7 | 5.3 | 11.7 |
| T-Score (L1–L4 Spine) | –1.49 ± 1.3 | –0.84 ± 1.3 | –1.60 ± 1.3 |
| Biochemical Characteristics | |||
| Glucose (mmol/l) # | 6.7 (5.5, 9.9) | 9.2 (6.5–14.1) | 6.5 (5.4–9.3) |
| Insulin (μU/ml) # | 10.4 (5.9, 18.4) | 21.6 (10.7, 33.6) | 9.4 (5.4, 15.6) |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | 5.08 ± 1.1 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) # | 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.8) | 1.55 (1.1, 2.2) |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mol/l) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.17 ± 0.4 |
| Calcium (mmol/l) | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.3 |
| Albumin (g/l) | 38.7 ± 6.7 | 40.2 ± 5.8 | 38.4 ± 6.8 |
Note: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation for normal variables; median (Q1, Q3) for non-normal variables (#) and as frequency (%) for categorical variables ($). BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure.