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Hormones. Relative to the control arm, early time-restricted feeding (eTRF) tended to increase (F) cortisol levels in the morning (AM). In the evening, it lowered (F) cortisol and tended to increase (E) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The hormones (A) insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), (B) IGF-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), (C) IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and (D) human growth hormone (HGH) were not significantly different between arms. * p < 0.05, # p < 0.10.
