Table 1.
Nuclear receptor superfamily proteins and their roles in prostate cancer.
| Family | Common Name | Abbreviation | GENE Name | Ligand | Gene Expression in Prostate Tissues (Ref. [7]) | Expression in Prostate Cancer | Effect on AR Signaling | Oncogenic Role in Prostate Cancer | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0B | Dosage-sensitive sex reversal-adrenal hypoplasia congenital critical region on the X chromosome, Gene 1 | DAX1 | NR0B1 | Orphan | Detectable | Controversial (increased/decreased) | Suppressive | - | [9,10,11,12] |
| Short heterodimeric partner | SHP | NR0B2 | Orphan | Non-detectable | Decreased | Suppressive | Suppressive | [14,15,16,17,18,19] | |
| 1A | Thyroid hormone receptor-α | TRα | THRA | Thyroid hormones | Detectable | - | - | - | - |
| Thyroid hormone receptor-β | TRβ | THRB | Thyroid hormones | Non-detectable | - | - | - | - | |
| 1B | Retinoic acid receptor-α | RARα | RARA | Retinoic acids | Non-detectable | - | - | - | - |
| Retinoic acid receptor-β | RARβ | RARB | Retinoic acids | Detectable | Decreased | - | Suppressive | [23,24,26,27,28,29,31] | |
| Retinoic acid receptor-γ | RARγ | RARG | Retinoic acids | Non-detectable | Decreased | Suppressive | Suppressive | [7,21,22,24,25,26,27,28,29,30] | |
| 1C | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α | PPARα | PPARA | Fatty acids | Detectable | No change | - | - | [34] |
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β | PPARβ | PPARD | Fatty acids | Detectable | No change | - | Controversial (promotive/suppressive) | [34,44,45,46] | |
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ | PPARγ | PPARG | Fatty acids | Non-detectable | Increased | Controversial(promotive/suppressive) | Promotive | [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43] | |
| 1D | Reverse-Erb-α | REV-ERBα | NR1D1 | Heme | Non-detectable | - | - | - | - |
| Reverse-Erb-β | REV-ERBβ | NR1D2 | Heme | Detectable | - | - | - | - | |
| 1F | Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-α | RORα | RORA | Sterols | Detectable | Decreased | Suppressive | [51,52] | |
| Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-β | RORβ | RORB | Sterols | Detectable | - | - | - | - | |
| Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-γ | RORγ | RORC | Sterols | Non-detectable | Increased | Promotive | Promotive | [49,50] | |
| 1H | Farnesoid X receptor-α | FXRα | NR1H4 | Bile Acids | Detectable | Decreased | - | Suppressive | [54,55,56] |
| Farnesoid X receptor-β | FXRβ | NR1H5P | Orphan | - | Decreased | - | Suppressive | [54,55,56] | |
| Liver X receptor-α | LXRα | NR1H3 | Oxysterols | Detectable | Decreased | None | Suppressive | [7,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67] | |
| Liver X receptor-β | LXRβ | NR1H2 | Oxysterols | Detectable | Decreased | None | Suppressive | [7,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67] | |
| 1I | Vitamin D receptor | VDR | VDR | 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 | Non-detectable | - | - | Suppressive | [70,71,72,73,74,75] |
| Pregnane X receptor | PXR | NR1I2 | Endobiotics and xenobiotics | Non-detectable | - | - | - | - | |
| Constitutive androstane receptor | CAR | NR1I3 | Xenobiotics | Non-detectable | - | - | - | - | |
| 2A | Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4-α | HNF4α | HNF4A | Fatty acids | Detectable | - | - | - | - |
| Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4-γ | HNF4γ | HNF4G | Fatty acids | Non-detectable | - | - | - | - | |
| 2B | Retinoid X receptor-α | RXRα | RXRA | 9-cis retinoic acid | Detectable | Decreased | - | Suppressive | [7,26,35,81,82,83,84] |
| Retinoid X receptor-β | RXRβ | RXRB | 9-cis retinoic acid | Detectable | - | - | Suppressive | [26,84,85] | |
| Retinoid X receptor-γ | RXRγ | RXRG | 9-cis retinoic acid | Detectable | - | - | - | - | |
| 2C | Testicular orphan nuclear receptor 2 | TR2 | NR2C1 | Orphan | Non-detectable | - | - | - | - |
| Testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 | TR4 | NR2C2 | Orphan | Detectable | - | - | Controversial (promotive/suppressive) | [87,88,89,90,91,92,93] | |
| 2E | Tailless homolog orphan receptor | TLX | NR2E1 | Orphan | Non-detectable | - | - | - | - |
| Photoreceptor-cell-specific nuclear receptor | PNR | NR2E3 | Orphan | Non-detectable | - | - | - | - | |
| 2F | Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor α | COUP-TFα | NR2F1 | Orphan | Detectable | Increased | - | - | [95] |
| Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor β | COUP-TFβ | NR2F2 | Orphan | Detectable | - | Suppressive | Controversial (promotive/suppressive) | [96,97] | |
| Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor γ | COUP-TFγ | NR2F6 | Orphan | Detectable | - | - | - | - | |
| 3A | Estrogen receptor-α | ERα | ESR1 | Estrogens | Detectable | Increased | - | Promotive | [101,102,103,104] |
| Estrogen receptor-β | ERβ | ESR2 | Estrogens | Detectable | Decreased | Suppressive | Suppressive | [103,107,108,109,110] | |
| 3B | Estrogen-related receptor-α | ERRα | ESRRA | Orphan | Detectable | Increased | - | - | [112,113,114] |
| Estrogen-related receptor-β | ERRβ | ESRRB | Orphan | Non-detectable | Decreased | - | Suppressive | [112,114,116,117,118] | |
| Estrogen-related receptor-γ | ERRγ | ESRRG | Orphan | Non-detectable | Decreased | - | Suppressive | [112,114,116,117,118] | |
| 3C | Androgen receptor | AR | AR | Androgens | Non-detectable | Increased | Promotive | Promotive | [98,99] |
| Glucocorticoid receptor | GR | NR3C1 | Glucocorticoids | Detectable | Controversial (increased/decreased) | Promotive | Promotive | [7,119,121,122,123,124,125,126] | |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor | MR | NR3C2 | Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids | Non-detectable | - | Suppressive | Suppressive | [128,129,130,131,132,133,134] | |
| Progesterone receptor | PR | PGR | Progesterone | Non-detectable | Controversial (increased/decreased) | Unknown | Suppressive | [136,137,138,139,140,141,142] | |
| 4A | Nerve growth factor 1B | NGF1-B | NR4A1 | Orphan | Detectable | - | - | - | - |
| Nurr-related factor 1 | NURR1 | NR4A2 | Unsaturated fatty acids | Non-detectable | - | - | - | - | |
| Neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 | NOR-1 | NR4A3 | Orphan | Non-detectable | - | - | - | - | |
| 5A | Steroidogenic factor-1 | SF-1 | NR5A1 | Phospholipids | Detectable | Increased | Promotive | Promotive | [143] |
| Liver receptor homolog-1 | LRH-1 | NR5A2 | Phospholipids | Detectable | - | Promotive | Promotive | [144] | |
| 6A | Germ cell nuclear factor | GCNF | NR6A1 | Orphan | Non-detectable | Increased | - | - | - |
-, Not investigated.