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Scheme of protein substrate ubiquitylation. This pathway requires ubiquitin (Ub) and the availability of Ub-activating (E1), Ub-conjugating (E2), and Ub-ligating (E3) enzymes. Two major classes of Ub-ligating enzymes, really interesting new gene (RING)- and homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT)-domain-containing E3 ligases, are presented.
