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A simplified view of IRE1+HAC1 UPR signaling pathway in yeast. Accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen triggers the autophosphorylation and oligomerization of Ire1p which, together with Trl1p, removes the intron to release translation inhibition of HAC1 mRNA. Hac1p enters the nucleus and transactivates target genes with a UPR element (UPRE) whose encoded proteins alleviate ER stress.
