| OSF | oral submucous fibrosis |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| HPV | human papilloma virus |
| EMT | epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
| ECM | extracellular matrix |
| TGF-β | transforming growth factor-β |
| LOX | lysyl oxidase |
| TIMP | tissue inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinase |
| PAI | plasminogen activator inhibitor |
| MMP | matrix metalloproteinase |
| CTGF | connective tissue growth factor |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| OSCC | oral squamous cell carcinoma |
| HIF-1α | hypoxia-inducible factor-1α |
| VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
| FGF | fibroblast growth factor |
| PDGF | platelet-derived growth factor |
| EGFR | epidermal growth factor receptor |
| HBOT | hyperbaric oxygen therapy |
| PCNA | proliferating cell nuclear antigen |
| iNOS | inducible nitric oxide synthase |
| ZEB1 | Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 |
| H&E | Hematoxylin and Eosin |
| IHC | immunohistochemical |
| 2-DE | two-dimensional electrophoresis |
| CYPA | cyclophilin A |
| NCOA7 | nuclear receptor coactivator 7 |
| MALDI-IMS | matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry |
| nanoLC | nano liquid chromatography |
| IMP3 | insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 |
| WIF1 | Wnt inhibitory factor-1 |
| SFRP1 | secretion of the frizzled-related proteins 1 |
| α-SMA | α-smooth muscle actin |
| E-SOD | erythrocyte superoxide dismutase |
| GPx | glutathione peroxidase |
| LDH | lactate dehydrogenase |
| MDA | malondialdehyde |
| 8-OHdG | 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine |
| OCT | optical coherence tomography |
| FTIR | fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| NADH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
| TCM | traditional Chinese medicine |
| TGM-2 | transglutaminase-2 |