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. 2019 Jun 17;20(12):2951. doi: 10.3390/ijms20122951

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Changes in total phenols, total flavonoids, and the activities of two antioxidants in ginseng shoot extracts (GSEs) with steaming time. Gallic acid was used as the positive control for assays of total phenols (A), while rutin was used for total flavonoids (B). Trolox was used as the standard for 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) (C) and 2,2′-azobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) (D) scavenging activity assays. Absorbance was determined at 765 nm for total phenols, 410 nm for total flavonoids, 517 nm for DPPH, and 734 nm for ABTS. The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments (n = 3). Total phenols and total flavonoids were expressed as µmol standards/100 g dry weight (d.w.), while DPPH• (C) and ABTS•+ (D) were expressed as µmol trolox/100 g d.w. Different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 based on Duncan’s multiple range test.