Figure 4.

Effects of GSEs steamed for different times (0–6 h) on viability, nitric oxide (NO) production and the levels of two inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. (A) Relative cell viability; (B) NO production; (C) interleukin (IL)-6 level; and (D) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level. RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with various concentrations (25, 50, or 100 µg mL⁻¹) of GSE0, GSE2, GSE4, or GSE6 or vehicle for 2 h and then treated with 100 ng mL⁻¹ LPS for 24 h. Results are representative of three independent experiments and are presented as means ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 based on Duncan’s multiple range test.