Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population, Esteban survey 2014–2016.
| Characteristics | All | Men | Women | p Value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2 105 | 945 | 1160 | |
| Age (years) | 47.2 (14.6) | 47.7 (14.3) | 46.7 (14.8) | 0.61 |
| Familial status | <0.0001 | |||
| Couple | 68.4% | 72.7% | 64.5% | |
| Single | 31.6% | 27.3% | 35.5% | |
| Education level | <0.0001 | |||
| <High school diploma | 32.3% | 32.0% | 32.0% | |
| Undergraduate degree | 56.5% | 56.1% | 56.9% | |
| Postgraduate degree | 11.2% | 11.3% | 11.1% | |
| Income | <0.0001 | |||
| Very high (>4200) | 10.5% | 12.6% | 8.4% | |
| High | 40.6% | 39.9% | 41.2% | |
| Medium | 27.2% | 28.2% | 26.2% | |
| Low (<1600) | 21.8% | 19.3% | 24.2% | |
| Contract | 0.0003 | |||
| Indefinite contract | 84.9% | 89.4% | 80.9% | |
| Fixed-term contract | 15.1% | 10.6% | 19.1% | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 (5.1) | 26.1 (4.4) | 25.7 (5.2) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 8.2 (9.9) | 12.4 (11.9) | 4.3 (5.3) | <0.0001 |
| DASH score | 23 (4) | 23 (4) | 24 (4) | <0.0001 |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 191.2 (71.6) | 189.5 (73.2) | 192.71 (70.2) | 0.44 |
| Legumes (g/day) | 12.7 (6.1) | 16.2 (6.6) | 9.5 (3.7) | <0.0001 |
| Red and processed meats (g/day) | 126.1 (36.9) | 148.5 (33.3) | 105.4 (26.6) | <0.0001 |
| Dairy products (g/day) | 75.1 (106.9) | 82.4 (120.3 | 68.3 (92.7) | 0.0009 |
| Wholegrains (g/day) | 2.84 (3.87) | 3.0 (3.9) | 2.6 (3.8) | 0.001 |
| Juice and fruits (g/day) | 220.4 (129.9) | 224.7 (135.6) | 216.5 (124.7) | 0.09 |
| Sweetened beverages (g/day) | 76.3 (152.9) | 87.6 (158.5) | 65.9 (146.9) | <0.0001 |
| Salt (g/day) | 8.2 (2.7) | 9.3 (2.8) | 7.2 (2.2) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 23.9% | 27.1% | 20.9% | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| High | 10.6% | 15.6% | 6.1% | <0.0001 |
| Moderate | 51.3% | 56.2% | 46.9% | |
| Low | 38.1% | 28.2% | 47.0% | |
| Diabetes | 6.5% | 7.7% | 5.4% | <0.0001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 21.2% | 22.3% | 20.1% | 0.31 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.8% | 1.3% | 2.3% | 0.04 |
| Previous CV disease | 4.5% | 5.8% | 3.2% | 0.0002 |
| Systolic BP | 127 (19) | 132 (18) | 122 (18) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP | 77 (11) | 79 (11) | 75 (10) | <0.0001 |
| Pulse pressure | 50 (13) | 53 (13) | 47 (12) | |
| Mean BP | ||||
| Hypertension | 31.3% | 38.1% | 25.0% | <0.0001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs ** | 48.9% | 47.5% | 51.1% | <0.0001 |
Values are means standard deviation, or numbers and % in parenthesis. BP: blood pressure, BMI: body mass index, CV: cardiovascular, DASH: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. * p value, difference between men and women. ** among hypertensives.