Table 1.
Characteristics of study groups by hyperuricemia status.
| Health Workers Cohort Study (27.8%) *** | Case-Control Study–Adults (22.7%) *** | Case-Control study–Children (20.2%) *** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without Hyperuricemia n = 1400 |
With Hyperuricemia n = 539 |
Without Hyperuricemia n = 829 |
With Hyperuricemia n = 244 |
Without Hyperuricemia n = 862 |
With Hyperuricemia n = 218 |
|
| Age (years) * | 51 (39–61) | 54 (42–63) λ | 44 (35–52) | 39 (31–50) λ | 9 (7–10) | 10 (8–11) λ |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female ** | 70.6 (68.3–73.0) | 67.0 (63.0–71.0) | 74.6 (71.7–77.6) | 64.3 (58.2–70.4) λ | 45.2 (41.9–48.6) | 44.5 (38.1–51.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) * | 26.2 (23.6–29.2) | 27.9 (25.5–31.6) λ | 24.91 (23.14–33.8) | 33.35 (30.0–36.1) λ | 64.5 (42.4–96.7) | 96.9 (95.2–98.6) λ |
| Overweight ** | 42.4 (39.8–44.9) | 44.3 (0.40–48.5) | 0.24 (0–0.6) | –– | 2.5 (1.4–3.5) | 3.9 (1.4–6.5) λ |
| Obese ** | 20.3 (18.1–22.3) | 34.3 (30.0–38.3) λ | 48.5 (45.1–51.9) | 76.1 (70.6–81.5) λ | 38.4 (35.2–41.7) | 76.9 (71.4–82.3) λ |
| Visceral adiposity index * | 2.6 (1.6–3.8) | 3.3 (2.3–4.7) λ | 2.2 (1.4–3.4) | 3.3 (2.1–4.8) λ | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 1.9 (1.2–3.2) λ |
| Metabolic Syndrome ** | 53.6 (51.0–56.3) | 75.6 (72.1–79.3) λ | 33.1 (29.8–36.3) | 61.9 (55.7–68.0) λ | 13.8 (11.5–16.1) | 40.8 (34.2–47.0) λ |
| Waist circumference (cm) * | 92 (85–99) | 97 (90–104) λ | 94.0 (82.0–106.0) | 104.0 (94.0–115.0) λ | 56.3 (31.3–86.3) | 86.25 (77.8–86.3) λ |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 116 (106–128) | 121 (111–133) λ | 110 (100–120) | 110 (104–120) λ | 44 (20–71) | 58.3 (33–79.7) λ |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 73 (67–80) | 76 (69–83) λ | 70 (66–80) | 78 (70–80) λ | 65 (43–82.6) | 68 (45.6–85) λ |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) * | 96 (90–105) | 99 (93–108) λ | 91 (85–98) | 96 (89–103.75) λ | 90 (85–95) | 90 (86–96) λ |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) * | 147 (90–219) | 127 (83–206) λ | 185 (163–211) | 192 (170.2–214) λ | 172 (153–192) | 179 (160–202) λ |
| HDL–C(mg/dL) * | 44.7 (38.0–52.7) | 42.0 (36.0–49.5) λ | 46 (38.8–55) | 40 (35–46.77) λ | 48 (41–56) | 43 (36–50) λ |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) * | 145 (105–195.5) | 179 (135–243) λ | 130 (97–182.5) | 171 (121.58–233.7) λ | 89 (63–132) | 133 (91–185) λ |
| LDL–C(mg/dL) * | 118 (97–143) | 126 (103–151) λ | 109.4 (91.2–131.08) | 112.8 (94.8–130.38) λ | 101 (86–118.5) | 108 (93–123) λ |
| Insulin (μU/mL) α | 8.1 (4.3–13.3) | 12.0 (6.5–18.7) λ | 9.9 (6.7–14.6) | 13.4 (8.9–18.3) λ | 5.9 (3.9–9.7) | 9.6 (6.5–15.9) λ |
| HOMA α* | 1.9 (1.0–3.5) | 3.0 (1.6–5.0) λ | 2.26 (1.45–3.4) | 3.22 (2–4.43) λ | 1.33 (0.84–2.15) | 2.32 (1.41–3.72) λ |
| ALT (U/L) | 21 (16–29) | 25 (18–35) λ | 20 (15–28) | 28 (19–44) λ | 30 (26–34) | 32 (26–39) λ |
| AST (U/L) | 23 (19–29) | 27 (23–34) λ | 21 (18–26) | 24 (20–32) λ | 19 (16–25) | 25 (19–38) λ |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) * | 4.9(4.2–5.5) | 6.9(6.2–7.5) λ | 4.8 (4.11–5.4) | 6.75 (6.1–7.5) λ | 4.7 (4.1–5.2) | 6.5 (6.2–6.9) λ |
α Only 1282 individuals have available insulin measurements. * Median (P25-P75). ** Percentage (95% CI). *** Prevalence of hyperuricemia. p values from the Kruskal-Wallis test (continuous variables) or chi2 test (categorical variables). λ p value <0.05. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum urate levels ≥ 7 mg/dL in males and ≥ 5.8 mg/dL in females; in children it was defined as serum urate levels ≥ 5.5 mg/dL for subjects under 7 years of age, ≥ 5.9 mg/dL for subjects aged 7–8, ≥ 6.1 mg/dL for subjects aged 9–12, ≥ 6.2 mg/dL for girls aged12 and over and ≥ 7.0 mg/dL for boys aged 12 and over.