Table 3.
Total, direct and indirect effects of E-DII on markers of T2D risk with inflammatory cytokines as mediators in black SA women.
| Variables | Total Effect (c) | Direct Effect (c’) | Indirect Effect (αβ) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mediators and Outcomes | Estimate (95%CI) | p-Value | Estimate (95%CI) | p-Value | Estimate (95%CI) | p-Value |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.17 (0.01–0.34) | 0.04 | ||||
| via TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.16 (−0.01–0.33) | 0.07 | 0.01 (−0.01–0.04) | 0.28 | ||
| via IL-8 (pg/mL) | 0.17 (0.01–0.34) | 0.04 | −0.00 (−0.01–0.01) | 0.71 | ||
| via MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 0.16 (0.01–0.32) | 0.04 | 0.01 (−0.01–0.03) | 0.43 | ||
| Fasting insulin (mUI/mL) | 1.70 (0.45–2.96) | 0.008 | ||||
| via TNF-α (pg/mL) | 1.55 (0.32–2.78) | 0.01 | 0.15 (−0.06–0.36) | 0.17 | ||
| via IL-8 (pg/mL) | 1.72 (0.47–2.97) | 0.007 | −0.02 (−0.14–0.11) | 0.77 | ||
| via MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 1.66 (0.43–2.88) | 0.008 | 0.04 (−0.13–0.21) | 0.63 | ||
| HbA1c (%) | 0.10 (0.01–0.18) | 0.02 | ||||
| via TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.11 (0.02–0.19) | 0.01 | −0.01 (−0.02–0.00) | 0.15 | ||
| via IL-8 (pg/mL) | 0.10 (0.02–0.18) | 0.02 | −0.00 (−0.01–0.00) | 0.49 | ||
| via MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 0.10 (0.02–0.18) | 0.02 | −0.00 (−0.01–0.01) | 0.92 | ||
| HOMA2-IR | 0.25 (0.07–0.44) | 0.008 | ||||
| via TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.23 (0.05–0.41) | 0.02 | 0.02 (−0.01–0.06) | 0.15 | ||
| via IL-8 (pg/mL) | 0.26 (0.07–0.44) | 0.007 | −0.00 (−0.02–0.02) | 0.75 | ||
| via MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 0.25 (0.07–0.43) | 0.007 | 0.01 (−0.02–0.03) | 0.59 | ||
| Two-hour glucose (mmol/L) | 0.48 (0.10–0.86) | 0.01 | ||||
| via TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.46 (0.07–0.85) | 0.02 | 0.02 (−0.02–0.07) | 0.31 | ||
| via IL-8 (pg/mL) | 0.49 (0.11–0.87) | 0.01 | −0.01 (−0.04–0.01) | 0.42 | ||
| via MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 0.46 (0.08–0.83) | 0.02 | 0.03 (−0.04–0.09) | 0.41 | ||
| Matsuda Index * | 0.05 (0.02–0.09) | 0.003 | ||||
| via TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.05 (0.01–0.08) | 0.007 | 0.00 (−0.00–0.01) | 0.23 | ||
| via IL-8 (pg/mL) | 0.05 (0.02–0.09) | 0.003 | −0.00 (−0.00–0.00) | 0.61 | ||
| via MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 0.05 (0.02–0.09) | 0.003 | 0.00 (−0.00–0.01) | 0.67 | ||
Regression coefficients α, β and c’ are shown in Figure 2a,b. All estimates were adjusted for the potential effects of age. DII, dietary inflammatory index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA2-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment- insulin resistance; IL-8; Interleukin-8, MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha. * Matsuda index was modelled as an inverse variable in order to calculate the proportion of mediation effect, thus the regression coefficients are positive instead of negative.