Table 1.
Summary of single dose interventions.
| Reference | Study Design | Control | Participants a | Source of ACN | Daily Dose of ACN b | Effect on Blood Pressure c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alquarashi [26] | Crossover | Double-blind, controlled | 23 healthy male, age 46 ± 9, BMI 28 ± 2 | Açai-based smoothie, (control: macronutrient-matched smoothie), following high-fat meal | 493 mg | = SBP, =DBP at 2 and 6 h |
| Castro-Acosta [27] | Crossover | Double-blind | 23 healthy, age 46 ± 14, BMI 26 ± 3.8 | Blackcurrant extract drink, following high-carbohydrate meal | 150, 300, or 600 mg ACN | = SBP, =DBP after 2 h |
| Del Bo [28] | Crossover | Controlled | 10 younger adults, age 21 ± 2, BMI 23 ± 2 | Blueberry smoothie (control: sugar matched jelly) | 348 mg | = SBP, =DBP |
| Del Bo [28] | Crossover | Controlled | 16 smokers, age 24 ± 1, BMI 23 ± 1 | Blueberry drink (control: sugar matched drink), followed by smoking 1 cigarette | 348 mg | < SBP post smoke, = DBP |
| Del Bo [29] | Crossover | Controlled | 12 healthy male, age 24 ± 1, BMI 23 ± 1 | Blueberry drink (control: sugar matched drink) | 309 mg | =SBP, =DBP |
| Del Bo [29] | Crossover | Controlled | 12 healthy male smokers, age 15 ± 2, BMI 23 ± 1 | Blueberry drink (control: sugar matched drink), followed by smoking 1 cigarette | 309 mg | Did not restore blood pressure |
| Igwe [30] | Crossover | Controlled | 12 young (age 31 ± 8, 23 ± 2) and 12 older adults (age 77 ± 6, BMI, 26 ± 3) | Plum juice | 369 mg | <SBP, <DBP, <MAP in both age groups, compared to baseline |
| Keane [31] | Crossover | Single-blind, placebo-controlled | 15 male with early hypertension, age 31 ± 9, BMI 27 ± 4 | Tart cherry juice | 73.5 mg | <SBP, <MAP, = DBP |
| Keane [32] | Crossover | Double-blind, placebo-controlled | 27 healthy, age 50 ± 6, BMI 26 ± 5 | Tart cherry juice | 68 mg | <SBP |
| Keane [33] | Crossover | Double-blind, placebo-controlled | 10 athletes, age 28 ± 7, BW 78 ± 9 | Tart cherry juice | 68 mg | <SBP, =DBP, =MAP |
| Kent [34] | Crossover | Controlled | 6 young (age 22 ± 1, BMI 26 ± 4) and 7 older adults (age 78 ± 6, BMI 29 ± 4) | Cherry juice, in single dose or three doses over 2 hours | 207 mg | < SBP, <DBP at 2 h after consumption, if given in a single dose (but not if split in three doses given 1 hour apart) |
| Matsumoto [35] | Crossover | Double-blind, placebo-controlled | 9 healthy male, age 30 ± 1, BMI? | Blackcurrant ACN extract | (17 mg/kg) | =SBP, =DBP |
| Rodriguez-Mateos [36] | Crossover | Double-blind, controlled | 10 healthy male, age 27 ± 3, BMI 25 ± 3 | Blueberry drink or nutrient-matched control | 310 mg | =SBP, =DBP |
| Rodriguez-Mateos [37] | Crossover | Double-blind, controlled | 10 healthy, age 27 ± 1, BMI 25 ± 1 | Freeze-dried blueberry drink, blueberry baked product (with same amount of blueberry powder), or baked control | 339 mg in drink, 196 mg in baked product | =SBP, =DBP |
a Age (in years) and BMI (in kg/m2) data expressed as mean ± SD. When data was reported as SEM, SD was calculated as SEM*SQRTparticipant. When BMI was unreported, weight in kg is reported instead. A question mark (?) indicates unreported data. b When daily ACN dose is unreported, the best alternative information is reported in parentheses. c Only blood pressure data is reported in this table. Other outcomes of the studies are not reported. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DPB, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; > or <, statistically significant increase or decrease; =, no significant change.