| ANOVA | analysis of variance |
| GSC | genetic similarity coefficient |
| GWAS | genome-wide association study |
| MAF | minor allele frequency |
| NIR | near-infrared reflectance |
| PIC | polymorphic information content |
| QTL | quantitative trait loci |
| RAD-seq | restriction site-associated DNA sequencing |
| RIL | recombinant inbred line |
| RTM-GWAS | restricted two-stage multi-locus multi-allele (RTM) genome-wide association study (GWAS) |
| SNP | single nucleotide polymorphism |
| SNPLDB | SNP linkage disequilibrium block |