. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 15.

Published in final edited form as: Nitric Oxide. 2017 Sep 20;71:14–20. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.09.004

Table 4.

Incidence Rate Ratios relating Mouthwash use and Diabetes status progression by subgroups based on baseline characteristics.

Mouthwash > twice a day vs less frequent use		n	IRR^a	95% CI
Smoking	Never	605	1.68^*	1.21–2.33
	Ever	340	1.37	0.93–2.01
Metabolic Syndrome	No	482	1.78^*	1.27–2.50
	Yes	463	1.35	0.93–1.96
Physical Activity^b	Yes	521	1.43^*	1.03–1.99
	No	424	1.63^*	1.10–2.40
BMI	Overweight	343	1.63^*	1.07 – 2.46
	Obese	602	1.50^*	1.10–2.04
HOMA-IR	<2.5	615	1.35	0.99–1.85
	≥2.5	330	2.11^*	1.38–3.22
Pre-diabetes	No	409	1.54^*	1.19–1.98
	Yes	536	1.36	0.79–2.35
Periodontitis	No/Mild	342	1.72^*	1.19–2.49
	Moderate/Severe	600	1.49^*	1.06–2.11

Statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, physical activity (METS), waist circumference, alcohol consumption (g/day), and pre-hypertension/hypertension status; except for the stratifying variable for the smoking and physical activity subgroups. Time between visits was included in the models as an offset.

Complying with WHO Physical activity recommendations.