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Flow chart following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. * Of the 88 articles excluded, 47 were conference abstracts or letters, 19 did not compare with a high-end ultrasound system, 9 did not use a true hand-held ultrasound device, 8 were not related to abdominal or pleural applications, three were not in English and two were conducted on animals.
