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The gut and the brain—interacting systems. The central nervous system is in direct contact with the gastrointestinal system through the enteric nervous system and the vagus nerve. Furthermore, gut microbiome-produced metabolites, like the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) propionic acid (PA) or the neurotransmitter γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), can take the indirect route of the vascular system to finally reach the central nervous system (CNS).
