Figure 4.

CSE reduced the protein expression of phospho-Smad2, despite a constitutively active TGF-β receptor type I (ca. ALK5). SCP-1 cells (N  =  3, n  =  3) infected with Ad5-ca. ALK5 were treated with CSE (5–10%). After 24 h, the total protein expression of phospho-Smad2 (a) was measured in cell lysates by Western blot and normalized to GAPDH. (b) A representative Western blot is shown. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by the Kruskal–Wallis H test, followed by Dunn’s post-test. Significance was established as * p < 0.05 compared to circa ALK5-infected cells and ° p < 0.05 compared to untreated cells.