Figure 6.

Disruption of TGF-β signaling with CSE-mediated primary cilia disruption affected MSC chondrogenic differentiation. In order to evaluate the gene expression of chondrocyte markers under impaired TGF-β signaling, SCP-1 cells (N = 3, n = 2) were differentiated with CSE (5–10%) and rhTGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) for 14 days. Gene expression analysis was performed with semi-quantitative RT-PCR from 10 ng cDNA. The graph represents gene expression, normalized to the GAPDH (housekeeping gene), of (a) Collagen II, (b) Collagen X, (c) Sox9, and (d) Aggrecan. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by the Kruskal–Wallis H test, followed by Dunn’s post-test. Significance was established as ** p < 0.01 or * p < 0.05 compared to TGF-β1-treated cells or °° p < 0.01 compared to untreated cells. (e) A representative semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) gel picture.