Table 2.
Participant sex, age, BMI, average 24 h energy intake, and average 24 h macronutrient consumption.
| Variable | MN | SN | NE | All |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%male) | 14 (57%) | 14 (57%) | 16 (63%) | 44 (59%) |
| Age (years) | 23.3 ± 3.7 | 25.4 ± 5.7 | 24.9 ± 2.6 | 25.0 ± 4.9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 2.8 | 23.9 ± 2.8 | 23.7 ± 2.4 | 23.8 ± 2.6 |
| Average 24 h energy intake (kJ) | 9416.9 ± 961.0 | 9300.0 ± 942.3 | 9392.3 ± 1028.8 | 9638.2 ± 959.1 |
| Average 24 h macronutrient consumption | ||||
| Carbohydrate (g) | 267.9 ± 24.9 | 267.3 ± 25.2 | 269.7 ± 25.6 | 268.4 ± 25.1 |
| Protein (g) | 93.2 ± 8.7 | 91.3 ± 9.9 | 92.0 ± 10.4 | 92.1 ± 9.7 |
| Fat (g) | 86.9 ± 11.6 | 84.6 ± 12.7 | 85.2 ± 12.8 | 85.6 ± 12.4 |
| Fibre (g) | 27.4 ± 3.0 | 26.0 ± 2.5 | 26.8 ± 2.5 | 26.5 ± 2.7 |
| Polysomnography | ||||
| TST (h) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 7.2 ± 0.7 | 7.0 ± 0.5 | 7.19 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.5 |
| Day 5 recovery sleep (7 h) | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 6.3 ± 0.6 | 6.3 ± 0.6 | 6.2 ± 0.9 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 6.1 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 1.3 | 6.2 ± 1.3 | 5.8 ± 1.5 |
| WASO (min) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 25.71 ± 26.51 | 27.68 ± 16.89 | 29.00 ± 13.91 | 27.39 ± 19.64 |
| Day 5 recovery sleep (7 h) | 32.31 ± 53.80 | 34.18 ± 35.33 | 37.54 ± 34.74 | 33.81 ± 40.94 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 57.85 ± 65.72 | 66.50 ± 56.61 | 50.75 ± 45.34 | 72.66 ± 82.80 |
| SE (%) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 90.09 ± 8.31 | 87.61 ± 6.46 | 90.25 ± 4.51 | 89.27 ± 6.65 |
| Day 5 recovery sleep (7 h) | 91.07 ± 13.10 | 90.31 ± 9.01 | 89.81 ± 8.27 | 90.56 ± 10.01 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 76.13 ± 12.11 | 73.04 ± 15.90 | 76.92 ± 15.90 | 72.78 ± 18.11 |
| SOL (min) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 21.68 ± 15.49 | 31.68 ± 24.06 | 17.67 ± 11.69 | 23.98 ± 18.63 |
| Day 5 recovery sleep (7 h) | 5.31 ± 3.33 | 6.57 ± 3.82 | 5.29 ± 2.51 | 5.71 ± 3.24 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 56.77 ± 35.52 | 62.69 ± 59.72 | 60.17 ± 85.24 | 57.95 ± 60.20 |
| REM (min) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 103.43 ± 29.54 | 87.86 ± 15.94 | 94.5 ± 22.07 | 95.30 ± 23.60 |
| Day 5 recovery sleep (7 h) | 107.81 ± 29.55 | 86.54 ± 18.75 | 104.71 ± 19.91 | 98.04 ± 25.40 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 88.46 ± 23.93 | 84.92 ± 25.63 | 88.08 ± 30.34 | 83.91 ± 29.15 |
| Stage 1 (min) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 5.64 ± 2.78 | 6.93 ± 5.48 | 4.96 ± 3.67 | 5.89 ± 4.13 |
| Day 5 recovery sleep (7 h) | 5.42 ± 2.96 | 6.25 ± 3.53 | 4.83 ± 3.54 | 5.41 ± 3.37 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 6.58 ± 3.94 | 8.92 ± 5.74 | 6.83 ± 5.69 | 7.46 ± 5.17 |
| Stage 2 (min) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 157.25 ± 52.22 | 158.54 ± 60.93 | 151.92 ± 39.35 | 156.10 ± 50.90 |
| Day 5 recovery sleep (7 h) | 111.23 ± 30.86 | 121.79 ± 46.76 | 109.88 ± 38.27 | 112.38 ± 40.77 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 159.50 ± 46.17 | 140.77 ± 56.39 | 153.79 ± 49.17 | 146.69 ± 53.23 |
| Stage 3 (min) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 79.68 ± 25.25 | 80.75 ± 33.48 | 89.08 ± 38.64 | 82.88 ± 32.01 |
| Day 5 recovery sleep (7 h) | 65.92 ± 20.97 | 63.96 ± 22.21 | 61.13 ± 22.66 | 62.90 ± 21.84 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 63.54 ± 21.93 | 66.54 ± 48.97 | 68.08 ± 38.02 | 63.98 ± 37.11 |
| Stage 4 (min) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 86.36 ± 32.80 | 86.18 ± 49.50 | 91.00 ± 22.24 | 87.69 ± 36.33 |
| Day 5 recovery sleep (7 h) | 91.62 ± 40.20 | 100.11 ± 44.91 | 97.21 ± 29.37 | 96.05 ± 37.82 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 47.42 ± 23.08 | 48.88 ± 24.51 | 52.67 ± 25.03 | 47.21 ± 25.28 |
| Actigraphy | ||||
| TST (h) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 7.8 ± 0.5 | 7.2 ± 1.3 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 0.5 |
| Day 3 sleep (7 h) | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.7 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.9 ± 0.1 |
| Day 4 sleep (7 h) | 6.7 ± 0.6 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.2 |
| Day 5 sleep (7 h) | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.3 |
| Day 6 sleep (7 h) | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.3 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 7.6 ± 0.8 | 7.9 ± 0.1 | 7.7 ± 0.5 | 7.7 ± 0.4 |
| SE (%) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 83.00 ± 14.52 | 85.73 ± 11.30 | 90.67 ± 5.42 | 87.80 ± 9.99 |
| Day 3 sleep (7 h) | 86.98 ± 9.70 | 88.87 ± 10.00 | 90.88 ± 4.18 | 89.65 ± 7.10 |
| Day 4 sleep (7 h) | 83.90 ± 14.18 | 85.76 ± 10.42 | 90.74 ± 4.68 | 87.28 ± 10.63 |
| Day 5 sleep (7 h) | 84.91 ± 13.80 | 87.54 ± 10.88 | 91.30 ± 3.40 | 87.88 ± 10.66 |
| Day 6 sleep (7 h) | 84.28 ± 13.36 | 88.30 ± 7.63 | 89.48 ± 4.90 | 87.56 ± 9.59 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 77.25 ± 15.62 | 83.81 ± 10.84 | 85.57 ± 9.69 | 83.30 ± 11.48 |
| SOL (min) | ||||
| Baseline (8 h) | 5.85 ± 10.37 | 8.00 ± 12.20 | 5.17 ± 4.61 | 5.65 ± 9.08 |
| Day 3 sleep (7 h) | 2.54 ± 5.03 | 2.5 ± 4.91 | 1.25 ± 1.322 | 1.76 ± 3.36 |
| Day 4 sleep (7 h) | 1.31 ± 2.45 | 4.18 ± 5.52 | 2.75 ± 3.14 | 2.65 ± 4.10 |
| Day 5 sleep (7 h) | 1.38 ± 2.26 | 2.12 ± 3.17 | 2.58 ± 2.92 | 2.04 ± 2.83 |
| Day 6 sleep (7 h) | 3.23 ± 7.65 | 3.86 ± 5.16 | 2.54 ± 1.90 | 2.66 ± 3.59 |
| Recovery (8 h) | 13.27 ± 24.64 | 7.21 ± 21.16 | 6.23 ± 5.65 | 7.23 ± 12.18 |
Note: Data presented as M ± SD. MN: Meal at Night; SN: Snack at Night; NE: No Eating at Night. PSG n = 43 (MN n = 13; SN n = 14; NE n = 16), actigraphy n = 38 (MN n = 11; SN n = 14; NE n = 12). TST: total sleep time, WASO: wake after sleep onset, SE: sleep efficiency, SOL: sleep onset latency, REM: rapid eye movement sleep, min: minute, %: percentage.