Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population at baseline (T0), expressed as mean values ± standard deviation.
| All Patients | Stroke | MS | SCI | ANOVA (F or χ2) | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (N) | 25 | 10 | 10 | 5 | |||
| Age (years) | 59.4 ± 12.6 | 66.5 ± 8.1 | 49.9 ± 8.8 | 39.5 ± 9.2 | F (2,21) 15.699 | 0.001 | |
| Sex—Male (N - %) | 14–56% | 6–60% | 3–30% | 5 – 100% | χ2 (2) 3.745 | 0.154 | |
| Height (cm) | 166.8 ± 5.7 | 167.1 ± 5.6 | 165.6 ± 5.6 | 169.0 ± 9.9 | F (2,18) 0.301 | 0.744 | |
| Weight (Kg) | 69.8 ± 11.8 | 73.7 ± 10.6 | 63.1 ± 12.9 | 69.5 ± 7.8 | F (2,18) 1.961 | 0.170 | |
| Disease duration (years) | 11.3 ± 11.9 | 4.7 ± 6.2 | 23.3 ± 8.6 | 18.4 ± 23.4 | F (2,21) 0.266 | 0.001 | |
| Botulinum toxin dosage (units) | 221.9 ± 135.1 | 218.0 ± 164.1 | 210.7 ± 73.2 | 290.0 ± 14.1 | F (2,21) 12.100 | 0.769 | |
| First treatment with botulinum toxin (N - %) | 13–52% | 5–50% | 3–30% | 5–100% | χ2 (2) 0.705 | 0.703 | |
| Affected side (N - %) | R | 13–52% | 8–80% | 4–40% | 0–0% | χ2 (4) 4.419 | 0.352 |
| L | 6–24% | 1–10% | 2–20% | 3–60% | |||
| B | 6–24% | 1–10% | 4–40% | 2–40% | |||
| FIM (20–140) | 81.6 ± 28.5 | 83.3 ± 27.2 | 70.3 ± 32.3 | 105.0 ± 14.1 | F (2,21) 1.125 | 0.344 | |
| BARTHEL INDEX (0–20) | 11.5 ± 5.9 | 13.0 ± 4.8 | 6.8 ± 6.1 | 16.5 ± 2.1 | F (2,20) 3.522 | 0.049 | |
| BDI (0–63) | 8.0 ± 4.6 | 8.6 ± 4.5 | 8.5 ± 5.1 | 3.5 ± 2.1 | F (2,20) 1.117 | 0.347 | |
| MMSE (0–30) | 26.2 ± 3.7 | 25.5 ± 2.8 | 26.3 ± 5.4 | 29.5 ± 0.7 | F (2,19) 1.461 | 0.257 | |
| NPSI (0–50) | 8.6 ± 12.7 | 5.8 ± 11.9 | 13.6 ± 14.8 | 6.5 ± 9.2 | F (2,18) 0.325 | 0.727 | |
| NRS (0–10) | 2.5 ± 3.4 | 1.5 ± 2.7 | 3.7 ± 3.8 | 4.0 ± 5.7 | F (2,18) 0.768 | 0.479 | |
| MAS–injected lower limb | |||||||
| HIP (0–4) | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | F (2,20) 2.572 | 0.101 | |
| KNEE (0–4) | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | F (2,20) 4.833 | 0.019 | |
| ANKLE (0–4) | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | F (2,20) 1.035 | 0.374 | |
| OVERALL (0–16) | 6.5 ± 3.3 | 5.1 ± 2.7 | 9.2 ± 3.7 | 7.0 ± 0.0 | F (2,20) 2.366 | 0.120 | |
MS = multiple sclerosis; SCI = spinal cord injury; R = right; L = left; B = bilateral; FIM = functional independence measure; BDI = Beck depression inventory; MMSE = mini mental state examination; NPSI = neuropathic pain scale inventory; NRS = numerical rating scale; MAS = modified Ashworth scale.