Table 3.
Means and standard deviations for three measurement times, and results of 3 (Time) × 3 (Group) multi- and univariate analyses of variance for state anxiety, trait anxiety, volitional skills, self-efficacy, and coach-rated performance.
| Control Group | Short-Term Intervention | Long-Term Intervention | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | |||||
| Variable | (m)F Time (df) |
p; ƞ2 |
(m)F T × G (df) |
p; ƞ2 |
MC
SDC |
MSTI
SDSTI |
MLTI
SDLTI |
||||||
| State anxiety: WAI-S | 1.79 (6,304) |
0.10; 0.03 |
2.26 (12,402) |
0.01 0.16 |
|||||||||
| Somatic state anxiety | 1.48 (2,154) |
0.23; 0.02 |
2.49 (4,154) |
0.05 0.08 |
5.92a 2.41 |
6.80b 2.68 |
6.24a 2.62 |
6.59a 2.52 |
5.85b 2.49 |
5.66c 1.67 |
7.12a 2.66 |
6.15b 1.99 |
6.36b 2.59 |
| Cognitive state anxiety | 1.49 (2,154) |
0.23; 0.02 |
1.65 (4,154) |
0.17 0.02 |
7.40 2.87 |
7.84 3.00 |
8.01 3.55 |
8.07 2.67 |
7.30 2.69 |
8.13 3.74 |
8.68 3.21 |
7.39 2.82 |
7.64 3.01 |
| State self-confidence | 3.33 (2,154) |
0.04; 0.04 |
3.10 (4,154) |
0.02 0.08 |
10.72a 2.72 |
11.19b 2.18 |
9.96a 2.49 |
9.85a 2.58 |
10.41a 3.28 |
10.30a 3.24 |
9.96a 2.65 |
10.96b 2.71 |
11.36c 2.93 |
| Trait Anxiety: WAI-T | 5.23 (6,304) |
<0.001; 0.09 |
1.33 (12,402) |
0.20 0.03 |
|||||||||
| Somatic trait anxiety | 10.66 (2,154) |
<0.001; 0.12 |
0.85 (4,154) |
0.50 0.02 |
10.32 3.76 |
9.20 3.58 |
8.60 3.40 |
9.84 3.41 |
9.00 3.74 |
9.31 3.33 |
9.84 2.81 |
8.73 3.63 |
8.57 3.79 |
| Worry | 7.84 (2,154) |
<0.001; 0.09 |
1.31 (4,154) |
0.27 0.03 |
10.04 3.13 |
9.58 2.97 |
9.08 3.46 |
9.19 2.95 |
8.37 3.70 |
8.82 3.43 |
9.99 3.38 |
8.57 3.22 |
8.32 3.42 |
| Concentration disruption | 6.86 (2,154) |
<0.001; 0.08 |
1.63 (4,154) |
0.17 0.04 |
6.04 1.59 |
5.80 1.44 |
6.16 1.99 |
7.48 2.99 |
6.52 2.69 |
6.42 2.47 |
6.61 2.04 |
5.79 1.93 |
5.89 1.91 |
| Volitional skills (VQS) | 1.39 (8,70) |
0.22; 0.14 |
2.25 (16,140) |
0.006 0.20 |
|||||||||
| Self-optimization | 2.32 (2,154) |
0.008; 0.03 |
6.97 (4,154) |
<0.001 0.15 |
57.88a 11.33 |
55.32b 11.53 |
51.66c 11.12 |
57.22a 13.21 |
60.50a 13.32 |
59.95a 13.63 |
55.58a 15.09 |
61.56b 17.33 |
62.40c 16.97 |
| Self-impediment | 2.05 (2,154) |
0.75; 0.01 |
1.79 (4,154) |
0.13 0.04 |
10.80 3.87 |
11.80 4.60 |
12.52 4.74 |
13.87 5.61 |
12.61 5.89 |
13.13 5.33 |
12.88 4.48 |
12.27 5.01 |
12.58 4.13 |
| Energy deficit | 1.37 (2,154) |
0.92; 0.03 |
1.98 (4,154) |
0.10 0.05 |
9.05 5.63 |
10.07 6.31 |
12.18 7.91 |
10.54 8.47 |
9.85 6.98 |
9.18 7.71 |
9.32 6.93 |
9.98 7.20 |
11.60 8.35 |
| Loss of focus | 2,154 (2,154) |
0.06; 0.02 |
0.83 (4,154) |
0.50 0.02 |
8.08 3.44 |
8.08 5.50 |
8.96 6.33 |
10.52 6.39 |
9.47 6.67 |
9.41 5.78 |
9.28 5.34 |
7.80 5.49 |
8.37 5.87 |
| Self-efficacy | 11.18 (2,76) |
<0.001; 0.13 |
4.20 (4,152) |
0.002 0.10 |
27.17a 4.74 |
27.72a 4.82 |
26.87a 4.93 |
27.89a 3.42 |
29.81b 4.86 |
29.05a 4.89 |
27.70a 4.53 |
30.82b 4.78 |
31.50b 5.06 |
| Coach-rated perfor mance | 10.66 (2,75) |
<0.001; 0.22 |
3.47 (4,150) |
0.01 0.08 |
25.33a 5.41 |
26.17a 5.65 |
27.52a 5.04 |
27.09a 3.96 |
27.54a 4.86 |
28.00a 6.09 |
25.96a 3.92 |
28.82b 3.09 |
27.82b 4.42 |
Notes. T × G = Time × Group interaction effect; M, SD = means and standard deviations; subscripts in the headline: C = control group, STI = short-term intervention group, LTI = long-term intervention group; in case of interaction effects, subscript: identical letters identify significant differences between measurement times per group based on Bonferroni post-hoc tests (p < 0.05).