Table 1.
Incidence and risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma.2–4 Almost 90% of HCCs are associated with a known underlying risk factor,5 with cirrhosis being the most important. Cirrhosis might be caused by chronic viral hepatitis, chronic alcohol abuse acquired, inherited metabolic diseases, NASH, and rare diseases like AILD. The presence of cirrhosis in any of these aetiologies significantly increases the risk of HCC.
| Liver disease | Liver status | % per year | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| HBV | Noncirrhosis | 0.4–0.6 | Yang et al.6 |
| Cirrhosis | 2.6–6.0 | Ioannou et al.7; Beasley et al.8 | |
| HCV | Noncirrhosis | 0.1 | Yoshida et al.9 |
| Cirrhosis | 3.0–8.0 | Ioannou et al.7; Sangiovanni et al.10; Lok et al.11 | |
| ALD | Cirrhosis | 2.6–6.8 | Mancebo et al.12; Nahon et al.13 |
| Haemochromatosis | Cirrhosis | 5.0 | Deugnier et al.14; Fracanzani et al.15 |
| AILD | Cirrhosis | 0.2–1.8 | Tansel et al.16; Trivedi et al.17 |
| NASH | Cirrhosis | 2.6 | Schlesinger et al.18; Calle et al.19; Younossi et al.20 |
AILD, autoimmune liver diseases; ALD, alcohol liver disease; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.