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. 2019 Jan 1;21(4):400–407. doi: 10.4103/aja.aja_105_18

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Effects of 0.1 nmol l⁻¹ 1,25(OH)₂D on (a) cAMP concentration and (b) PKA activity of spermatozoa after incubation for 30 min. (c) Effects of PKA inhibitor, N-[2-(p-Bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride (H89) on the ATP production of spermatozoa. All values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The sperm concentration used was 1 × 10⁷ ml⁻¹. The differences among different groups and between two groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak post hoc test and paired samples t-test, respectively. ^*P < 0.05, groups treated with 1,25(OH)₂D compared with the control group; ^**P < 0.01, the group treated with 1,25(OH)₂D and H89 compared with the group treated with 1,25(OH)₂D. cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKA: protein kinase A; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; ANOVA: analysis of variance; H89: N-[2-(p-Bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride.