TABLE 2.

Summary of key findings¹

Glycemic control, satiety, and weight loss
Subjects with impaired glucose homeostasis	Improved insulin resistance/sensitivity, decreased postprandial glucose elevation, reduced HbA1c
Overweight or obese subjects without impaired glucose homeostasis	Increased satiety and reduced energy intake with accompanied weight loss
Healthy subjects	Increased satiety and postprandial GLP-1 concentrations
Mineral absorption and balance
Postmenopausal women	Reduced decline in bone mineral density, slowed rate of total bone loss, and increased Ca and Mg absorption, bone formation, bone Ca retention, and bone Ca balance
Children and adolescents	Increased absorption of Fe, Ca, and Mg
Healthy subjects	Increased Ca and Mg absorption, increased Mg retention, increased heme Fe bioavailability
Gut health and inflammation
Inflammatory bowel disease	Improved DAI and histologic scores, prolonged remission, decreased stool frequency, reduced proportion and activation of GI-resident inflammatory cells, reduced circulating inflammatory marker concentrations
Metabolic dysfunction	Weight loss, reduced circulating inflammatory and oxidative stress marker concentrations, reduced immune-cell infiltration in the GI tract
Healthy subjects	Decreased fecal ammonia concentrations, decreased β-glucuronidase activity, improved measures of GI permeability, reduced circulating inflammatory marker concentrations, decreased protein fermentation

¹DAI, disease activity index; GI, gastrointestinal; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.