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GSPs improved STZ-reduced ratios of p-PI3K/ PI3K, p-Akt/Akt and p- GSK-3β/GSK-3β in vitro and in vivo. (A–C) Representative immunoblot bands for p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, p-GSK-3β (Ser9), GSK-3β and β-actin in primary cortical neurons, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, respectively. (D–L) Quantification analysis of immunoblot bands. Protein expression levels were normalized to β-actin. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs CON or Sham; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs STZ, n=4-6.
