Figure 1.

The flowchart of participants according to SPIRIT 2013 guideline.¹⁵ *No pancreatic necrosis, no transient or persistent organ failure (>48 hours) is present with any of the following three definitions: (1) diagnosis of gallstones on imaging, (2) alanine aminotransferase level >2 times higher than normal values with ALT >AST. †ASA IV or V patients and ASA III>75 years old. ABP, acute biliary pancreatitis; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; CRP, C reactive protein; ES, endoscopic sphincterotomy.