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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 15.
Published in final edited form as: Liver Res. 2018 Sep 22;2(4):200–208. doi: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.09.007

Fig. 2. Proposed algorithm for the diagnosis and management of hemobilia.

Fig. 2

(i) Vascular complications include hepatic artery aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms, and cholangio-venous or arterio-ductal fistulae. (ii) If endoscopic therapy is not successful in achieving hemostasis, IR techniques should be attempted. The converse may also apply, depending on the clinical scenario. (iii) Surgical exploration is indicated for biliary obstruction (or hemostasis) when endoscopic and IR techniques fail or are not applicable. Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; IR, interventional radiology; ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.