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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2019 May 6;57:171–178. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.03.006

Figure 1. The NAD+ synthesis and breakdown pathways.

Figure 1

NAD+ can be synthesized from NMN by NMNAT and WLDS, or from NaAD by NAD synthetase. NRK converts NR to NMN and NAR to NaMN. NMN deamidase (NMN DD) is a bacterial enzyme that converts NMN to NaMN. NaMN can further be converted to NaAD by NMNAT. Axon injury activates SARM1, which then cleaves NAD+ into Nam, ADPR and cADPR. Nam is converted to the NAD+ precursor NMN by NAMPT, which can be inhibited by FK866.