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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 20.
Published in final edited form as: Gene. 2019 Mar 5;710:17–23. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.078

Table 1.

Overview of the pros and cons of the described delivery methods of MSCs.

Delivery method Efficiency Pros Cons
Injection into nerve grafts 10–40% - Delivers a high number of MSCs in the inner and middle nerve zones - Reduced viability of MSCs
- Damage to the ultrastructure of the nerve
- Leakage of cells (conduits)
-Local accumulation of MSCs
Intravenous injection 100% - No damage to the ultrastructure of the nerve
- No cell leakage		 - Reduced viability of cells
- Entrapment of MSCs in capillaries
- Low number of MSCs at regeneration site
Intramuscular injection 100% - Locally delivers MSCs
- No damage to the ultrastructure of the nerve
- No cell leakage		 - Reduced viability of cells
- Low number of MSCs at regeneration site
Soaking Unknown - Delivers MSCs in the outer nerve zones
-Preserved viability of MSCs		 - Damage to the nerve (micro-needle roller)
Seeding 89.2% - Uniform distribution of MSCs
-Preserved viability of MSCs
- No damage to the ultrastructure of the nerve
- No cell leakage		 - Interaction between MSCs and extracellular matrix is required