Table 4.
Adjusted association (odds ratio (OR)) between risk factors and very poor (HbA1c ≥9%) glycaemic control by duration of diabetes.
| Variables | Diabetes duration ≤5 years | Diabetes duration >5 years | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Age (ref: ≤40 years) | ||||||
| 41–60 years | ||||||
| >60 years | 0.5 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.003 | |||
| Gender (ref: male) | ||||||
| Female | ||||||
| Education level (ref: Tertiary) | ||||||
| Secondary | ||||||
| Primary | ||||||
| Illiterate | ||||||
| Location (ref: urban) | ||||||
| Rural | 3.5 | 1.7-7.0 | 0.001 | 4.5 | 2.3-8.7 | 0.001 |
| Smokeless tobacco (ref: never) | ||||||
| Ever consumer | 3.1 | 1.2-8.1 | 0.010 | |||
| Eating habit (ref: healthy) | ||||||
| Unhealthy | 3.1 | 1.2-8.1 | 0.017 | 6.5 | 3.8-11.2 | <0.001 |
| Modality of treatment (ref: without insulin) | ||||||
| Insulin | 6.1 | 2.9-12.6 | <0.001 | |||
| Follow up check-up frequency (ref: ≤3 months) | ||||||
| Every six months | ||||||
| Annually | 3.3 | 1.3-7.8 | 0.007 | 2.7 | 1.3-5.9 | 0.011 |
| CAD (ref: no) | ||||||
| Yes | 3.5 | 1.1-10.8 | 0.028 | |||
| Cognitive function (ref: intact) | ||||||
| Partially impaired | ||||||
| Impaired | 3.2 | 1.7-6.0 | 0.001 | |||
Note: Variables introduced in to the multiple logistic regression analysis were age, gender, education level, location, work status, income, smokeless tobacco consumption, eating habit, duration of diabetes, modality of treatment, follow up check-up frequency, dyslipidaemia, history of CAD, family support and cognitive function.