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. 2019 Jul 15;10:3098. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11090-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — In vitro and in vivo experimental evidences of implantability potential. a, b Platelet activation of human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) exposed to small diameter vascular graft (SDVG). All cell events considered in the flow cytometer analysis are CD42a⁺ (platelets). a CD62P⁺ cell events and b CD63⁺ cell events obtained from immunostained PRP samples exposed to SDVG and individual elements of the SDVG. PMA = 4β-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Error bars = standard error of the mean. **p < 0.01; ns: non-significant. n = 3 PRP donors with experiment triplicates. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test. c Clotting time assay. Whole human blood samples were incubated in direct contact with surfaces of different materials and vascular grafts, including the commercial GORE-TEX^® Vascular Graft, and acellularized and cellularized bio-inspired SDVGs. Red blood cells not contained into a blood clot are subjected to lysis and the amount of haemoglobin quantified through absorbance at 540 nm. Error bars = standard error of the mean. n = 4 blood donors with experimental triplicates. “A” indicates significant difference between acellularized SDVG and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC)-laden SDVG after 5 min of incubation, “B” between expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) graft and acellularized SDVG after 10 min of incubation and “C” between acellularized SDVG and BM-MSC-laden SDVG after 10 min of incubation. **p < 0.01. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test. d–i Rabbit carotid grafting model. Preliminary evaluation of grafting feasibility in an artery circulation system. d Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain of a saggital cut at the anastomosis section (×4). e Anastomized SDVG on day 0 at the end of the surgical procedure. f Stereomicroscopy transversal image of the SDVG with the adapted luminal dimension for rabbit carotid grafting. g Evidence of eco-Doppler blood flow at the carotid section proximal to the SDVG anastomosis. h Microscopy image (×40) of a H&E-stained saggital cut of the SDVG wall after 14 days of arterial implantation and i at after 30 days